Index

ALTER CLUSTER statement, A-20

ALLOCATE EXTENT option, 17-11

allocating extents, 17-14

ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS statement, 22-14

ALTER DATABASE statement

ADD LOGFILE, 6-3

adding or dropping log file, A-18

CLOSE option, 18-18

DATAFILE OFFLINE and ONLINE options, A-18

renaming a file, A-18

setting the log mode, 14-2, 14-9, B-2

THREAD, 14-9

thread of redo, 14-9

ALTER INDEX statement

DEALLOCATE UNUSED option, 17-16

ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT command, 6-10

ALTER SESSION statement

SET INSTANCE option, 11-11, 17-10

ALTER SYSTEM

command, limiting instances for parallel execution, 18-27

ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVE LOG statement, 18-18, 21-16

CURRENT option, 21-10, A-19

global log switch, 21-10, 21-16

THREAD option, 18-18, 21-4

ALTER SYSTEM CHECK DATAFILES statement, 6-2

instance recovery, 22-4

ALTER SYSTEM CHECKPOINT statement, 21-9

global versus local, 18-18

specifying an instance, 18-18

ALTER SYSTEM privilege, 21-10

ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE statement, 18-18, 21-10, A-19

DBA privilege, 21-10, A-19

ALTER TABLE statement

ALLOCATE EXTENT option, 17-11

allocating extents, 17-14, 17-15

DISABLE TABLE LOCK option, 7-6, 10-3, 16-7

ENABLE TABLE LOCK option, 7-6, 10-3, 16-7

MAXEXTENTS option, 17-15

ALTER TABLESPACE statement

ADD DATAFILE, 15-10

ADD DATAFILE option, A-18

BACKUP option, 21-15

OFFLINE and ONLINE options, A-18

READ ONLY option, 12-2

renaming a data file, A-18

applications

ARCH process, 5-5, 21-4

architecture

archive log

ARCHIVE LOG clause

CURRENT option, 21-10, 21-16, A-19

global log switch, 21-10, 21-16

manual archiving, 21-4

specifying an instance, 18-21

THREAD option, 21-4

ARCHIVE LOG command, 21-3

ARCHIVELOG mode, 14-9

automatic archiving, 4-6, 21-3

changing mode, 14-2, 14-9, B-2

creating a database, 14-2

online and offline backups, 4-6, 21-3

archiving redo log files, 21-1

automatic versus manual, 21-3

conversion to multi-instance, 23-3

creating a database, 14-2

forcing a log switch, 21-10

history, 21-6

identified in control file, 6-5

log sequence number, 21-5

online archiving, 4-6, 21-3

AST, 8-2

asymmetrical multiprocessing, 2-5

asynchronous trap, 8-2, 8-3, 8-4

authentication

password file, 18-26

AUTOEXTEND, 15-9

automatic archiving, 21-3

automatic recovery, 21-7

availability, 12-1

and interconnect, 3-3

benefit of parallel databases, 1-14

data files, 6-2, 22-4

multiple databases, 1-19

phases of recovery, 22-5

shared disk systems, 3-6

single-node failure, 2-12, 22-2

background process, 5-5

ARCH, 21-4

holding instance lock, 7-4, 7-6

instance, 5-4

LGWR, 21-6

optional, 5-5

parallel cache management, 4-12

SMON, 18-27, 22-2

backup, 21-1

archive log, 21-7

conversion to multi-instance, 23-3

export, B-1

files used in recovery, 22-7

offline, 4-6, 21-12

online, 4-6, 21-12, 21-16

parallel, 21-12

bandwidth, 1-11, 2-2, 2-12, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6

batch applications, 1-12, 1-13

BEGIN BACKUP option, 21-15

block

allocating dynamically, 17-15

associated with instance, 11-11

cleanout, A-14

contention, 6-9, 11-15, 15-6, 17-11, 17-13

deferred rollback, 6-9, A-19

distributed lock, 5-5

free space, 11-2

instance lock, 4-12

multiple copies, 4-5, 4-12, 5-5

segment header, 11-14

when written to disk, 4-5, 9-8

Block Server Process

definition, 1-17, 5-7

blocking AST, 8-3

blocks

associated with instance, 22-3

BSP

definition, 1-17, 5-7

buffer cache, 5-5

coherency, 4-12

distributed locks, 2-7

instance recovery, 22-3

minimizing I/O, 4-5, 4-12

written to disk, 4-5

buffer state, 9-10

buffer, redo log, 5-5

cache

buffer cache, 4-5, 5-5

coherency, 4-12, 9-2

consistency, on MPPs, 3-8

dictionary cache, 4-12, 5-5, 6-6

flushing dictionary, 4-16

management issues, non-PCM, 4-16

parallel cache management, 4-12

recovery, 22-6

and cache coherency conflicts, 20-2

sequence cache, 4-7, 6-7

Cache Fusion

architecture, 5-7

benefits, 20-4

change summary for 8.1, A-1

CACHE option, CREATE SEQUENCE, 6-6

CACHE_SIZE_THRESHOLD parameter, A-17

CATPARR.SQL script, 15-12, 20-12

capacity planning, 19-3

channels

allocating for backup and recovery, 21-8

CHECK DATAFILES clause, 6-2

instance recovery, 22-4

checkpoint

forcing, 21-9

CHECKPOINT_PROCESS parameter, 18-10

CKPT process, 5-5

CLEANUP_ROLLBACK_ENTRIES parameter, A-9, A-13

client connections to services, 18-28

client load balancing, 18-32

client-server configuration, 5-4

description, 1-20

Net8, 1-20

closed thread, 21-4, 21-16

cluster

allocating extents, 17-14

free list groups, 17-11

free lists, 11-12, 17-7

hash cluster, 11-12, 17-7, A-20

implementations, 2-3

performance, 3-2

version compatibility, 18-22

Cluster Manager (CM) software, 18-13, 18-14

purpose, 18-22

committed data

checkpoint, 21-9

instance failure, 22-2

sequence numbers, 6-7

compatibility

shared and exclusive modes, 6-2, 17-11

concurrency

inserts and updates, 11-14, 17-6

maximum number of instances, 11-15, 14-3

sequences, 6-7

shared mode, 4-2

transactions, 5-4, 11-2

configurations

change in redo log, 14-9

client-server, 1-20

guidelines for parallel server, 5-9

multi-instance database system, 1-16

overview of Oracle, 1-14, 1-15

single instance database system, 1-15

CONNECT

RMAN ALLOCATE CHANNEL command, 21-8

CONNECT command, 14-7, 18-19, 18-21

forcing a checkpoint, 21-9

Net8, 18-17

SYSDBA option, 18-13, 18-26

connect string, 18-17, 18-20, 18-21

connect time failover, 18-32

connections

clients and services, 18-28

load balancing among nodes, 18-32

consistency

multiversion read, 4-6

rollback information, 6-8

contention

control file, 6-1

accessibility, 5-9

backing up, 21-1

conversion to multi-instance, 23-6

creating, 14-10

data files, 17-12

log history, 14-4, 21-6

MAXLOGHISTORY, 6-5

parameter values, 18-9

shared, 5-4, 18-7

CONTROL_FILES parameter, 18-11, 22-12

same for all instances, 18-7, 18-11

conversion

application, 23-3

database, 23-4

database, to multi-instance, 23-1

ramifications, 23-3

convert queue, 8-3

CPU usage, 19-3

CPU_COUNT parameter, 18-11

CR Server

change summary for 8.1, A-1

CREATE CLUSTER statement, 17-7, A-20

FREELIST GROUPS option, 17-6

FREELISTS option, 17-6

CREATE CONTROLFILE statement

changing database options, 14-10

conversion to multi-instance, 23-5

exclusive mode, B-2

MAXLOGHISTORY, 21-6

CREATE DATABASE statement, 14-3

exclusive mode, B-2

MAXINSTANCES, 11-15, 14-3

MAXLOGFILES, 14-4

MAXLOGHISTORY, 6-5, 14-4, 21-6

MAXLOGMEMBERS, 14-4

options, 14-3

setting the log mode, 14-2, 14-9

thread number 1, 14-8

CREATE INDEX statement

FREELISTS option, 17-8

CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT statement, 14-5, 14-6

CREATE SEQUENCE statement, 6-7

CACHE option, 6-6, 6-7

CYCLE option, 6-6

description, 6-6

ORDER option, 6-6, 6-7

CREATE TABLE statement

clustered tables, 17-7

examples, 17-14

FREELIST GROUPS option, 11-11

FREELISTS option, 11-11, 17-6

initial storage, 17-13, 17-14

CREATE TABLESPACE statement, A-18

creating a rollback segment, 14-5, 14-6

creating a tablespace, A-18

current instance, 18-21

forcing a global log switch, 21-10

global log switch, 21-16

new in Oracle7, A-19

CYCLE option, CREATE SEQUENCE, 6-6

data block, 5-5

data dependent routing, 12-7, 19-6

data dictionary, 5-5

objects, 6-6

querying views, 20-12

distributed database, 1-19

sequence cache, 6-7

views, 14-6

data warehousing, 2-7

database

database administrator (DBA)

data-dependent routing, 3-8

datafile

DATAFILE option

table, 17-14

tablespace, A-18

DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS parameter, 9-18

GC_RELEASABLE_LOCKS, 15-13

DB_BLOCK_SIZE parameter

same for all instances, 18-11

DB_FILES parameter

same for all instances, 18-11

DB_NAME parameter

same for all instances, 18-11

DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS view, 6-8, 14-7

public rollback segments, 14-6

DBA_SEGMENTS view, 14-7

DBA_TABLES table, 16-7

DBMS_JOB package

and instance affinity, 4-9

DBMS_SPACE package, 17-16

DBMSUTIL.SQL script, 17-16

DBWR process, 5-5, 7-6

in parallel server, 5-2

DDL

commands, 16-6

lock, 7-5

deadlock detection, 8-9

deallocating unused space, 17-16

ded, vi

default instance, 18-17, 18-20

deferred rollback segment, A-19

DELAYED_LOGGING_BLOCK_CLEANOUTS parameter, 18-10, A-9, A-14

departmentalized applications, 2-8

DESCRIPTION_LIST feature, A-13

dictionary cache, 4-12, 5-5, 6-6

lock, 10-5

dictionary cache lock, 10-5

DISABLE TABLE LOCK option, 16-7

DISABLE THREAD clause, 14-9

disabling the archive history, 14-4

disaster recovery, 22-10, 22-13

DISCONNECT command, 18-21

disconnecting from an instance, 18-20, 18-21

multiple sessions, 18-27

user process, 18-26

disjoint data

applications with, 1-17, 2-7

disk

I/O statistics, 19-3, 19-6

media failure, 22-1

reading blocks, 4-5

rollback segments, 6-9

writing blocks, 4-5, 9-8

distributed lock

memory area, 5-5

rollback segment, 6-9

Distributed Lock Manager, A-8

sequence, 6-6

total number, 6-6

DM, Database Mount, 10-5

DML lock, 7-3, 7-5

DML_LOCKS parameter, 7-6, 10-3, 18-10, 18-11

and performance, 16-7

ensuring IDLM lock capacity, 16-6

DROP TABLE command, 4-16

DROP TABLESPACE statement, A-18

dropping a database object

tablespace, 15-6, A-18

dropping a redo log file, A-18

log switch, 21-10

manual archiving, 14-9

restrictions, 14-9

DSS applications, 1-5, 1-12, 1-13, 1-21, 2-7, 3-2

dual ported controllers, 2-3

dynamic performance view

creating, 20-12

dynamically allocating blocks, 11-17

ENABLE TABLE LOCK option, 16-7

END BACKUP option, 21-15

local, 7-3

enqueue locks

ENQUEUE_DEBUG_MULTI_INSTANCE parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-21

ENQUEUE_RESOURCES parameter

exclusive mode, 8-7, 18-12

error message

parameter values, 18-16

rollback segment, 14-5

storage options, 17-6

compatibility, B-1

database access, 1-15, 4-1

free lists, 17-6, 17-11

MAXLOGHISTORY, 21-7

media recovery, 14-4

required for file operations, A-17, B-2

specifying instance number, 17-13

specifying thread number, 18-15

startup, 17-13, 18-12

switching archive log mode, 14-9

taking tablespace offline, A-18

EXCLUSIVE option, 18-13

EXCLUSIVE parameter

obsolete for 8.0.4, A-6

exclusive PCM lock, 4-15

Export utility

and free lists, 11-12, A-20, B-3

backing up data, B-1

compatibility, B-1

EXT_TO_OBJ table, 15-12, 20-12

extent

allocating PCM locks, 11-15, 17-11

allocating to instance, 17-10, 17-14, 18-16

definition, 11-3

initial allocation, 17-13

not allocated to instance, 11-6, 11-17, 17-12

rollback segment, 6-8, 14-7

size, 6-8, 14-7, 17-11

specifying a file, 17-12

failover, 4-11, 16-2, A-11

connect time, 18-32

failure

access to files, 22-4

ALERT file, 6-2

instance recovery, 22-4

media, 22-1, 22-7, A-22

MPP node, 3-7

node, 1-19, 22-2

false pings, 9-17, 15-15

FAST_START_PARALLEL_ROLLBACK, A-3

Fast-start Parallel Rollback

parallel rollback, Fast-start, 22-16

Fast-start Rollback, A-3

fault tolerance, 8-8

file

FILE_LOCK view, 9-22, 15-11, A-9

fine grain lock, 9-4, 9-6, 9-16, 9-18, 9-19, 9-20, 9-21

one lock element to one block, 9-17

specifying, 15-9

fine grain locking, 2-8, A-9

fixed hashed PCM lock, 9-3

fixed mode, lock element, 9-20

flexibility of parallel database, 1-14

FORCE parameter

and job-to-instance affinity, 4-10

foreground process

instance shutdown, 18-26

format, lock name, 7-8

free list, 11-15

free list group

assigned to instance, 11-13, 11-14

assigning to session, 17-10

definition, 11-5

enhanced for release 7.3, A-9

high performance feature, 4-8

setting !blocks, 15-8

unused space, 17-16

used space, 17-16

FREE_LIST_INST parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-20, A-21

FREE_LIST_PROC parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-20, A-21

FREED_EXTENTS, A-10

FREELIST GROUPS storage option, 17-6, 17-14, 18-14

clustered tables, A-20

instance number, 11-15

FREELISTS

parameter, 11-5

storage option, 17-6

FREELISTS storage option

clustered tables, A-20

indexes, 17-8

maximum value, 17-6

FREEZE_DB_FOR_FAST_INSTANCE_RECOVERY parameter, 22-4, A-6

GC_DB_LOCKS parameter, A-6

adjusting after file operations, A-18

GC_FILES_TO_LOCKS parameter, 9-3, 9-4, 9-6, 9-14, 9-24, 14-10, 15-17, 18-11

adding datafiles, 15-12

adjusting after file operations, 15-6, A-18

associating PCM locks with extents, 11-15, 17-11

default bucket, 15-7

fine grain examples, 15-9

guidelines, 15-9

hashed examples, 15-8

index data, 15-5

reducing false pings, 15-16

room for growth, 15-10

setting, 15-6

syntax, 15-7

GC_FREELIST_GROUPS parameter, A-6, A-9

GC_LATCHES parameter, A-5

GC_LCK_PROCS parameter

GC_RELEASABLE_LOCKS parameter, 9-14, 15-17, A-9

default, 15-13

GC_ROLLBACK_LOCKS parameter, 6-9, 9-14, 9-15, 15-7, 15-13, 15-17, 18-11

GC_ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter, A-6

number of distributed locks, 6-9

GC_SAVE_ROLLBACK_LOCKS parameter, 6-9, A-6, A-19

GC_SEGMENTS parameter, A-6

GC_SORT_LOCKS parameter, A-21

GC_TABLESPACES parameter, A-7

global constant parameter, 18-11

and non-PCM locks, 4-12

control file, 6-1

description, 9-13

list of, 18-9

rollback segments, 6-9

same for all instances, 18-9, 18-11

global dynamic performance view, 18-25, 20-12, A-7

GLOBAL hint, 20-12

GLOBAL option

forcing a checkpoint, 18-18, 21-9

verifying access to files, 6-2

GMS

removed for 8.1, A-2

granted queue, 8-3, 8-4

group

free list, 11-12

MAXLOGFILES, 14-4

redo log files, 6-4, 14-4, 14-9

unique numbers, 6-5

V$LOGFILE, 6-5

Group Membership Services, A-8

removed for 8.1, A-2

GROUP option, 21-4

group-based locking, 8-9, 8-10

growth, room for, 15-10

GV$ view, 18-25, 20-12, A-7

GV$BH view, 19-5

GV$CACHE view, 19-5, 20-12

GV$CLASS_PING view, 20-12

GV$FILE_PING view, 20-12

GV$PARAMETER view, 18-25

GV$PING view, 19-5, 20-12

hardware

free lists, 11-12, A-20

hashed PCM lock, 9-4, 9-17, 9-21, 9-22

creation, 9-3

introduction, 7-5

releasable, 9-4, 15-7, 15-9

specifying, 15-8

hashing

static, lock mastering scheme, 8-9

header

rollback segment, 14-7

segment, 11-14, 14-7

high availability

benefit of parallel databases, 1-14

high speed interconnect, 12-1

high water mark, 11-17

definition, 11-3, 11-18

moving, 11-18, 11-19

high-speed bus, 3-5, 3-6

history, archive, 21-6, 22-9

horizontal partitioning, 2-12

HOST command, 18-19

host, IDLM, 9-8

identifier, lock, 7-8

IDLM, 8-1

IDLM parameters, 18-12

IFILE parameter, 18-5

multiple files, 18-7

overriding values, 18-7

specifying identical parameters, 18-6

Import utility

Compatibility, B-1

free lists, A-20

restoring data, B-1

incremental growth, 17-13

index

contention, 19-6

creating, 17-8

data partitioning, 11-12, 15-5

FREELISTS option, 17-8

PCM locks, 15-5

INITIAL storage parameter

minimum value, 17-13

rollback segments, 6-8

initialization parameter

archiving, 21-3

control of blocks, 9-13

control of PCM locks, 9-13

displaying values, 18-16, 18-21

duplicate values, 18-7

global constant, 6-1, 18-9

guidelines, 5-9

identical for all instances, 18-11

Integrated Distributed Lock Manager, 18-12

MAX_DEFAULT_PROPAGATION_DELAY, 18-11

obsolete, A-21

PARALLEL_DEFAULT_MAXSCANS, 18-11

planning LM capacity, 16-3, 16-6

using default value, 18-7

inserts

concurrent, 4-8, 11-14, 17-6

free lists, 11-14, 18-16

free space unavailable, 17-11

performance, 11-12

instance

instance lock, 7-2

acquired by background process, 7-6

acquired by foreground process, 7-6

definition, 7-2, 7-4

types, 7-5

INSTANCE NAME parameter, 18-6

instance number, 11-13

INSTANCE option

allocating, 17-14

SET INSTANCE command, 17-10, 18-17

SHOW INSTANCE command, 18-20

instance recovery

abnormal shutdown, 18-27

access to files, 6-2, 22-4

global checkpoint, 21-9

multiple failures, 22-3

rollback segments, 6-8

starting another instance, 14-4

instance registration, A-10

purpose, 18-28

INSTANCE_GROUPS parameter, 18-24

INSTANCE_ID column, 20-12

INSTANCE_NUMBER parameter, 17-10, 18-5

and SQL options, 11-11

assigning free lists to instances, 11-13

exclusive or shared mode, 18-16

exclusive mode, 18-14

individual parameter files, 18-5

setting, 17-13

unique values for instances, 18-10, 18-16

unspecified, 18-16

INSTANCES keyword, 18-27

INSTANCES parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-21

Integrated Distributed Lock Manager

capacity for locks and resources, 16-2

configuring, 16-3

definition, 1-11

distributed architecture, 8-8

failover requirements, 16-2

fault tolerant, 8-8

features, 8-8

group-based locking, 8-10

handling lock requests, 8-3

instance architecture, 5-2

internalized, A-8

LCKn process, 9-8

lock mastering, 8-9

minimizing use, 1-16, 4-12

non-PCM lock capacity, 7-6

queues, 8-2

recovery phases, 22-5

resource sharing, 9-8

integrated operations, 1-5

interconnect, 3-3

and scalability, 2-2

high-speed, 1-9

protocols for OPS, 20-6

INTERNAL option

instance shutdown, 18-26

inter-node communication, 1-9

I/O

and scalability, 2-3

disk contention, 4-5

interrupts, 2-5

minimizing, 1-16, 4-5, 4-12, 15-6

IPCs

and Cache Fusion, 20-6

jobs

and instance affinity, 4-9

Lamport SCN generation, 4-7

LANGUAGE parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-21

latch, 7-3, 10-5

latency, 1-11, 1-13, 2-2, 2-12, 3-3

LCKn process, 5-5, 9-5

on multi-instance database, 1-16

role in recovery, 22-5

LGWR process, 5-5, 7-6

in instance registration, 18-31

library cache lock, 10-4

links, 5-9

listener

load balancing, A-3

LM_LOCKS parameter, 15-17, 15-18, 16-2, 18-11, 18-12, A-6

LM_PROCS parameter, 18-11, 18-12, A-6

LM_RESS parameter, 15-17, 15-18, 16-2, 16-5, 18-11, 18-12, A-6

LMDn process, 5-5, A-8

definition, 7-7

LMON process, 5-5, A-8

definition, 7-7

load balancing, 12-5, A-13

client connections among listeners, 18-32

in parallel execution, 18-33

of connections among nodes, 18-32

LOAD_BALANCE parameter

configuring client load balancing, 18-32

local instance

node, 18-20

local I/O, 2-3

local lock, 7-2

LOCAL option

forcing a checkpoint, 18-18, 21-9

verifying access to files, 6-2

lock

lock contention

lock conversion

correspondence to locks, 9-15

creation, 9-19

free, 9-20

LRU list, 9-20

mode, 9-20

name, 9-16

non-fixed mode, 9-20

number, 9-24

valid bit, 9-20

lock operations

in Cache Fusion, 20-6

lock value block, 10-4

log file

accessibility, 5-9

redo log file, 21-1

log history, 14-4, 21-6, 22-9

log sequence number, 21-5, 21-6

log switch, 6-5

adding or dropping files, 14-9

closed thread, 21-11

forcing, 21-10, 21-11, 21-16, A-19

global, 21-16

LOG_ALLOCATION parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-19, A-21

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST parameter, 22-9, 22-10

specifying for recovery, 22-10

LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT parameter, 18-10, 21-5, 22-10

same for all instances, 22-10

used in recovery, 22-10

LOG_ARCHIVE_START parameter

automatic archiving, 18-8, 21-3

creating a database, 14-2

LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT parameter

inactive instance, 21-10

LOG_DEBUG_MULTI_INSTANCE parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-21

LOG_FILES parameter

hardware architecture, 3-2, 3-6

logical database, 1-18

loosely coupled system

cache consistency, 3-8

characteristics, 3-5

disk access, 3-3

tightly coupled nodes, 3-5

LRU list

lock elements, 9-20

manual archiving, 21-3, 21-4

dropping a redo log file, 14-9

massively parallel system, 1-5, 11-15

application profile, 3-2

disk access, 3-3

hardware architecture, 3-7

master free list, 11-6

master node, 8-9

mastering, lock, 8-9, 19-8

MAX_COMMIT_PROPAGATION_DELAY parameter, 4-7, 10-4, 18-10, 18-11

MAX_SORT_SIZE, A-10

MAXDATAFILES option, 14-10

MAXEXTENTS storage parameter

automatic allocations, 11-17, 17-13

preallocating extents, 17-15

MAXINSTANCES option, 11-15, 14-3

changing, 14-10

MAXINSTANCES parameter, 11-13, 23-4

assigning free lists to instances, 11-13, 11-15

conversion to multi-instance, 23-4, 23-6

MAXLOGFILES option, 14-4, 14-10

MAXLOGHISTORY option, 6-5, 14-4, 21-7

changing, 14-10

CREATE CONTROLFILE, 21-6

MAXLOGHISTORY parameter, 23-6

MAXLOGMEMBERS

option, 14-4, 14-10

media failure, 22-1, 22-7, A-22

access to files, 6-2

automatic recovery, 21-7

recovery, A-22

media manager

requirements for creating backups, 21-9

media recovery, 22-7

incomplete, 22-8

log history, 14-4, 21-7, 22-9

O/S utilities, 22-8

member

MAXLOGMEMBERS, 14-4

memory

cache, 4-5

cached data, 4-5

distributed locks, 5-5

IDLM requirements, 8-10

SGA, 6-7

message

access to files, 6-2, 22-4

ALERT file, 6-2, 22-4

distributed lock manager, 9-8

instance shutdown, 18-26

parameter values, 6-1

messaging

in parallel processing, 1-11

migration

data migration, B-1

planning for future, 1-15

returning to exclusive mode, 17-11

MINEXTENTS storage parameter

automatic allocations, 11-17, 17-13, 17-14

default, 17-13

mode

archiving, 4-6, 14-2, 14-9, 21-3

database access, 4-1, 18-12, 18-15

incompatible, 8-2

lock compatibility, 9-11

lock element, 9-20

PCM lock, 4-15

modified data

instance recovery, 22-3

updates, 5-5

modulo, 11-13, 11-15, 17-10, 17-12

MONITOR command

default instance in display screen, 18-19

specifying an instance, 18-21

mount lock, 7-2, 10-5

MOUNT option, 18-13

MPP systems, 1-5

MTS_LISTENER_ADDRESS parameter

obsolete for 8.0.4, A-5

MTS_MULTIPLE_LISTENERS parameter

obsolete for 8.0.4, A-5

multi-instance database

converting application, 23-3

definition, 1-16

reasons not to convert to, 23-2

reasons to convert to, 23-2

requirements, 23-3

multiple shared mode, 4-2, 10-5

multiplexed redo log files, 6-3

example, 6-4

log history, 21-7

total number of files, 14-4

Multi-threaded Server, 8-10

for connection load balancing, 18-32

multiversion read consistency, 4-6

Net8

client-server configuration, 1-20

connect string, 18-20, 18-21

distributed database system, 1-18

for CONNECT, 18-17

for SET INSTANCE, 18-17

network usage, 19-3

NEXT storage parameter, 6-8, 21-4

NFS, 5-9, 23-4, 23-9

NLS_* parameters, 18-10

NOARCHIVELOG mode, 14-9

changing mode, 14-2, 14-9, B-2

creating a database, 14-2, 14-9

offline backups, 4-6

requiring offline backups, 21-3

node

adding, 17-13, 23-2

affinity awareness, 21-14

cache coherency, 4-12

definition, 1-2

failure, 1-14, 1-19, 22-2

local, 18-6, 18-8

parallel backup, 21-12

parallel shutdown, 18-26

remote, 18-17, 18-20

single to cluster, 23-2

NOMOUNT option, 14-3, 22-11

non-fixed mode, lock element, 9-20

non-PCM lock

dictionary cache lock, 10-5

DML lock, 10-3

enqueue, 7-3

IDLM capacity, 7-6

library cache lock, 10-4

mount lock, 10-5

overview, 10-1

relative number, 7-6

system change number, 10-4

table lock, 10-3

transaction lock, 10-3

types, 7-5

user control, 7-6

non-PCM resources, 16-4

NOORDER option, CREATE SEQUENCE, 6-7

NSTANCE_GROUPS parameter, 18-25

null lock mode, 4-15

number generator, 6-6

obsolete parameters, A-20, A-21

offline backup, 4-6, 21-1

parallel, 21-12

redo log files, 21-12

offline datafile, A-18

offline tablespace

deferred rollback segments, A-19

restrictions, 6-8, A-18

OGMS_HOME parameter, A-5

OLTP applications, 1-3, 1-5, 1-8, 1-12, 1-13, 2-7, 2-8, 3-2, A-2

online backup, 4-6, 21-1

archiving log files, 21-16

parallel, 21-12

procedure, 21-16

redo log files, 21-12

online datafile

supported operations, A-18

online recovery, 6-2, 22-2, 22-4, 22-7, A-22

online redo log file

archive log mode, 14-9

archiving, 21-1, 21-6

log switch, 21-6, 21-10

thread of redo, 6-3, 18-15

online transaction processing, 1-3

OPEN option, 18-13, 18-14

operating system

exported files, B-1

Integrated Distributed Lock Manager, 9-8

privileges, 18-19

scalability, 2-5

OPS_ADMIN_GROUP parameter, A-6

Oracle Parallel Server Management(OPSM), A-4

OPS_FAILOVER clause, A-11

Oracle

oracle_pid, 11-13

Oradebug, A-4

ORDER option, 6-6, 6-7

overhead

parallel cache management, 4-12

parallel backup, 21-12

parallel cache management lock

parallel database

and parallel execution, 1-21

availability, 1-14

benefits, 1-13

parallel execution

calculating overhead, 16-4

execution processing, 1-2, 1-21, 2-5

limiting instances, 18-27

load balancing, 18-33

processor affinity, A-15

scalability, 12-2

speedup and scaleup, 1-12

under Oracle Parallel Server, 1-21

parallel mode

file operation restrictions, A-17, A-19, B-2

recovery restrictions, A-22

sequence restrictions, 6-7, B-3

shutdown, 18-26

startup, 18-9

PARALLEL option, 18-13

PARALLEL parameter

obsolete for 8.0.4, A-6

parallel processing

benefits, 1-12

characteristics, 1-4

elements of, 1-6

for integrated operations, 1-5

for MPPs, 1-5

for SMPs, 1-5

hardware architecture, 3-2

implementations, 3-2

messaging, 1-11

misconceptions about, 2-12

Oracle configurations, 1-14

types of workload, 1-12

when advantageous, 2-7

when not advantageous, 2-9

parallel processor affinity, A-15

parallel recovery, 22-7, 22-14, 22-15

parallel server, A-4

database configuration, A-4

definition, 1-6

installation, A-4

instance affinity for jobs, A-4

listener load balancing, A-3

Oradebug, A-4

startup and shutdown, 18-14, 18-26

parallel transaction recovery

changes for 8.1, A-3

PARALLEL_DEFAULT_MAX_INSTANCES parameter

PARALLEL_DEFAULT_MAXSCANS parameter, 18-11

PARALLEL_INSTANCE_GROUP parameter, 18-24

PARALLEL_MAX_INSTANCES, initialization parameter, 18-27

PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS parameter, 18-28, 22-15

PARALLEL_SERVER parameter, 18-10, 18-13, 18-14, 18-15

new for 8.0., A-5

PARALLEL_TRANSACTION_RECOVERY parameter

changes for 8.1, A-3

parameter

controlling PCM locks, 9-13

database creation, 11-15, 14-3, 14-4

obsolete, A-21

storage, 6-8, 17-6, 17-8, 17-11

parameter file, 18-3

backing up, 21-1

common file, 18-5, 18-6, 23-7

conversion to multi-instance, 23-6

duplicate values, 18-7

identical parameters, 18-7

NFS access inadvisable, 23-9

PFILE, 18-6, 18-8, 23-5

remote instance, 18-6, 18-8, 18-20

partitioning

data, 12-7

partitioning data, 11-12

data files, 6-2, 17-13

free list, 18-16

free lists, 11-2, 11-15, 17-11

index data, 15-5

PCM locks, 11-15, 15-5, 15-6, 17-11

rollback segments, 6-8, 6-9

table data, 11-12, 11-15, 15-5, 17-11

PCM lock

PCTFREE, 11-5, 19-6

PCTINCREASE parameter

table extents, 17-11

PCTUSED, 11-5

performance

and lock mastering, 8-9

application, 11-12

benefits of parallel database, 1-13

caching sequences, 6-7

fine grain locking, 9-20

inserts and updates, 11-12

Oracle8 features, 4-5

rollback segments, 6-8, 6-9

sequence numbers, 6-7

shared resource system, 1-14

persistent resource, 8-10

PFILE option, 18-6, 18-8

conversion to multi-instance, 23-5

pinging, 9-8, 9-9, 15-14, 15-16

definition, 9-2

false, 9-17

rate, 15-15

ping/write ratio, 19-4

PL/SQL shared memory area, 5-5

PMON process, 5-5

pre-allocating extent, 11-17

prime number, A-7

private rollback segment

acquisition, 6-8

creating, 14-5

individual parameter file, 18-5

privilege

process free list

pinging of segment header, 11-6

PROCESSES parameter, 18-10

common parameter file, 18-5

processor affinity

parallel execution, A-15

protected write mode, 8-7

public rollback segment

bringing online, 14-6

creating, 14-6

owner, 14-6

specifying, 14-6

using by default, 14-6

read consistency

rollback information, 6-8

read lock mode, 4-15

reader/writer conflicts

and Cache Fusion, 20-1

read-only access, 4-6, 4-15

applications, 2-7

index data, 15-5

read PCM lock, 4-15

read-only tables, 12-2

RECO process, 1-18, 5-5

RECOVER command, 18-19, 22-7, 22-13, 22-15

RECOVER DATABASE statement, 22-7, 22-8

RECOVER DATAFILE statement, 22-7, 22-8

RECOVER TABLESPACE statement, 22-7, 22-8

recovery, 22-1

access to files, 6-2, 22-4

after SHUTDOWN ABORT, 18-27

archive history, 14-4

automatic, 21-7

conversion to multi-instance, 23-9

deferred transaction, A-12

definition, 22-1

detection of error, 19-8

disaster, 22-10, 22-13

FREEZE_DB_FOR_INSTANCE_RECOVERY, 22-4

from an offline backup, 22-10

from an online backup, 22-10

from multiple node failure, 22-3

from single-node failure, 22-2

global checkpoint, 21-9

incomplete media, 22-8

instance, 14-4, 18-27, 22-2

instance failure, 22-1

instance recovery, 22-1

log history, 21-7, 22-9

media failure, 6-2, 21-7, 21-10, 22-6, 22-7, A-22

online, 22-2

parallel, 22-14, 22-15

PARALLEL_MAX_SERVERS parameter, 22-15

phases, 22-5

Recovery Manager, 22-8

recovery time, 21-10

restrictions, A-22

rolling back, 6-8

setting parallelism, 22-14, 22-15

starting another instance, 14-4

using redo log, 21-12

Recovery Manager, 22-6

archive log backup, 21-7

disaster recovery, 22-10

incomplete media recovery, 22-8

media recovery, 22-8

RECOVERY_PARALLELISM parameter, 18-10, 22-1, 22-14, 22-15

redo log

archiving mode, 21-3

instance recovery, 22-2

redo log file

archiving, 4-6, 14-9, 21-1, 21-3, 21-10

backup, 21-12

dropping, 21-10, A-18

identified in control file, 6-5

releasable freelist waits, 15-13

log sequence number, 21-5

multiplexed, 21-7

overwriting, 4-6, 21-3

renaming, 21-10, A-18

thread of redo, 6-3

redo thread, 21-4

registration

of instances, 18-28

relative file number, 6-3

releasable hashed PCM lock, 9-4, 15-7, 15-9

remote databases, 1-18

remote instance, 18-6, 18-8, 18-20

remote I/O, 2-3

REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE parameter, 18-26

renaming a file

log switch, 21-10

redo log file, A-18

RENAME FILE option, A-18

replicated systems, 23-1

resource

database, 4-12

operating system, 18-9

persistent, 8-10

releasing, 22-3

response time, 1-10

RESTORE DATABASE statement, 22-8

RESTORE DATAFILE statement, 22-8

RESTORE TABLESPACE statement, 22-8

restrictions

cached sequence, 6-7

changing the redo log, 14-9

deferred rollback segments, A-19

file operations, A-17, A-19, B-2

offline tablespace, 6-8, A-18

recovery, A-22

RETRY option, 18-15

STARTUP PARALLEL command, 18-15

RMAN

ALLOCATE CHANNEL command, 21-8

rollback segment, 14-5

ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter, 6-9, 6-10, 18-10, 18-11

private and public segments, 14-5, 14-6

rolling back

instance recovery, 22-3

rollback segments, 6-8

row locks, 4-15

routing, data-dependent, 12-7, 19-6

independent of PCM locks, 4-15

row level locking, 7-2

DML locks, 10-3

resource sharing system, 4-6, 5-4

ROW_CACHE_MULTI_INSTANCE parameter (Oracle Version 6), A-21

ROW_LOCKING parameter, 18-11

scalability

application, 2-6, 2-13

disk input and output, 2-3

enhancement for release 7.3, A-11

four levels of, 2-1

hardware, 2-2

network, 2-6

operating system, 2-5

potential, 1-12

relative, 2-8

shared memory system, 2-5

SCN, 4-4

System Change Number, 10-4

SCSI, 3-3

segment

definition, 11-3

header, 7-9

header block, 11-14, 14-7

header contention, 11-6, 19-6

header, contention, 11-6

ID number, 14-5, 14-7

name, 14-7

rollback segment, 6-8

size, 14-7

sequence

data dictionary cache, 4-7, 6-7

log sequence number, 21-5, 21-6

not cached, 6-7, B-3

timestamp, 6-7

sequence number generator

application scalability, 2-6

contention, 2-9

distributed locks, 6-6

LM locks, 4-7

on parallel server, 6-6

restriction, 6-7, B-3

skipping sequence numbers, 6-7

SEQUENCE_CACHE_ENTRIES parameter

sequential processing, 1-2, 1-4

SERIALIZABLE parameter, 18-11

Server Manager

privileged commands, 18-19

service connections

to clients, 18-28

SERVICE_NAMES parameter

in instance registration, 18-31

session

multiple, 18-7, 18-21, 18-27

waiting for PCM lock conversion, 15-17

SESSIONS parameter

SET INSTANCE command, 18-6, 18-18, 18-20

instance startup, 18-6, 18-20

requires Net8, 18-17

SET UNTIL command, 22-11

shared disk system

advantages, 3-6

implementations, 3-3

scalability, 2-3

with shared nothing system, 3-9

shared exclusive mode, 8-7

shared memory system

shared mode

file operation restrictions, A-18

instance number, 18-16

instance recovery, 22-2

recovery restrictions, 22-7

startup, 18-15

shared nothing system

advantages, 3-8

disadvantages, 3-8

disk access, 3-2

massively parallel systems, 3-7

overview, 3-7

scalability, 2-3

with shared disk system, 3-9

SHARED option, 18-13

shared resource system, 17-13

shared SQL area, 5-5, 12-6

SHOW INSTANCE command, 18-19, 18-20

SHOW PARAMETERS command, 18-19, 18-21

instance number, 18-16

SHOW SGA command, 18-19, 18-21

SHUTDOWN command

ABORT option, 18-27

IMMEDIATE option, 18-27

specifying an instance, 18-20

shutting down an instance, 18-26

abnormal shutdown, 18-27

archiving redo log files, 21-10

changing startup order, 18-16

forcing a log switch, 21-10

lost sequence numbers, 6-7

unarchived log files, 21-4

SID parameter, 18-6

single instance database, 1-15

single shared mode, 4-2, 10-5

SINGLE_PROCESS parameter, 18-15

SIZE option

allocating extents, 17-14

SMON process, 5-6

instance recovery, 22-2, 22-3

recovery after SHUTDOWN ABORT, 18-27

transaction recovery, A-13

SMP, 1-15

sort enhancements, A-10

SORT MERGE JOIN, 12-3

sort space, A-10

SORT_DIRECT_WRITES parameter, A-14

space

allocating extents, 17-13

deallocating unused, 17-16

determining unused, 17-16

free blocks, 11-2, 11-17

free list, 11-2

not allocated to instance, 11-6, 17-12

SGA, 18-21

sources of free blocks, 11-6

unavailable in exclusive mode, 17-11

specialized servers, 1-5

speed-down, 1-8, 1-13

speedup

definition, 1-7

with batch processing, 1-13

SQL area

shared, 12-6

SQL statement

instance-specific, 18-18

restrictions, B-2

standby databases, 18-33, 22-16

starting up

after file operations, 15-6, A-18

creating database and, 14-3

during instance recovery, 14-4

exclusive mode, 17-13, 18-12

global constant parameters, 6-9, 18-9

remote instance, 18-6, 18-7, 18-8, 18-20

rollback segments, 6-8, 14-5

shared mode, 18-15, A-18

startup order, 18-16

verifying access to files, 6-2

STARTUP command, 14-3, 18-6, 18-13

MOUNT option, 22-13

OPEN option, 18-13

PFILE option, 18-6, 18-8

specifying an instance, 18-20

static hashing

lock mastering scheme, 8-9

statistics

tuning, 19-2

storage options

clustered tables, 17-6, A-20

extent size, 6-8, 17-11, 17-13, 17-14

index, 17-8

rollback segment, 6-8

table, 17-6

stored procedures, 7-8

sub-shared exclusive mode, 8-7

sub-shared mode, 8-7

switch archiving mode, 14-2, 14-9, B-2

symmetric multiprocessor, 2-5, 3-2, 3-4

configuration, 1-15

in loosely coupled system, 3-5

parallel processing, 1-5

synchronization

cost of, 1-10, 1-17, 2-9, 2-11, 2-12

non-PCM, 4-16

overhead, 1-10

SYSDBA, 18-13, 18-21, 18-26, 21-11

SYSOPER, 18-13, 18-21, 18-26, 21-11

system change number (SCN), 10-4

archive file format, 21-5

archiving redo log files, 21-4

incrementation, 4-4

Lamport, 4-7

non-PCM lock, 7-5

redo log history, 21-6

System Global Area (SGA)

in parallel server, 5-5

SHOW SGA command, 18-21

statistics, 18-21

SYSTEM rollback segment, 6-8

SYSTEM tablespace, 14-5

system-specific Oracle documentation

archived redo log name, 21-5

client-server processing, 1-20

datafiles, maximum number, B-3

free list overhead, 11-5

instance number range, 17-12

MAXLOGHISTORY default, 21-6

Net8 connect string, 18-17

password file name, 18-26

recovery process allocation, 22-15

redo log archive destination, 21-6

redo log archive format, 21-6

supported Oracle configurations, 1-14

system change number

Lamport, 4-7

SCN, 4-5

table

access pattern, 12-2

allocating extents, 11-11, 17-14

cluster, 17-7

contention, 6-8, 17-13

free space unavailable, 17-11

initial storage, 11-17, 17-13

lock, 7-3, 7-6

multiple files, 11-12, 17-13

PCM locks, 11-15, 17-11

TABLE_LOCK column, 16-7

tablespace

thread

archive file format, 21-5

archiving redo log files, 21-4, 21-10

associated with an instance, 14-8

closed, 21-16

disabled, 14-9

enabled, 21-7, 21-16, 22-10

example, 6-3

exclusive mode, 18-15

forced log switch, 21-10

log history, 21-7

number of groups, 6-4

open, 21-7, 21-16

public, 14-8

single, 4-8

THREAD option, 18-18, 21-4, 21-10

creating private thread, 6-3

creating public thread, 6-3

disabling a thread, 14-9

when required, 14-8

THREAD parameter, 14-8, 18-5, 18-10

individual parameter files, 18-5

instance acquiring thread, 6-3

tightly coupled system

hardware architecture, 3-3, 3-5

implementations, 3-2

in loosely coupled cluster, 3-5

performance, 3-4

TM, DML Enqueue, 10-3

TNSNAMES.ORA

configuring for instance registration, 18-29

TP monitor, A-11

trace file

conversion to multi-instance, 23-4

transaction

transaction processing monitor, 12-7

TRANSACTIONS parameter, 6-10