Index

CACHE FREE ALL SQL statement, 17-6

C++, 1-8

C++ applications, 12-1

cache, 17-4

CACHE FREE ALL statement, F-15

CALL SQL statement, F-16

CALL statement, 7-27, A-2

example, 7-28

Calling Java from PL/SQL, A-5

CASE OTT parameter, 19-30

case sensitivity

in precompiler options, 10-2

CHAR datatype, 4-10

CHAR_MAP precompiler option, 5-2, 10-12, A-3

character data, 5-2

character strings

multibyte, 4-52

CHARF datatype, 4-11, 5-15

CHARZ datatype, 4-11

CLOSE CURSOR statement, 14-27

CLOSE SQL statements, F-18

CLOSE statement, 6-15

dependence on precompiler options, 6-15

example of, 6-15

examples, F-19

purpose of, 6-12, 6-15

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-37

CLOSE_ON_COMMIT

precompiler option, 10-12, A-5

closing

cursors, F-18

CODE

precompiler option, 12-3

CODE OTT parameter, 19-28

code page, 4-49

CODE precompiler option, 10-13

coding conventions, 2-11

COLLECT GET statement

example, 18-19

COLLECTION APPEND, F-19

COLLECTION APPEND statement, 18-12

SQL statements

COLLECTION APPEND, F-19

COLLECTION DESCRIBE

example, 18-21

COLLECTION DESCRIBE statement, 18-14

SQL statements

COLLECTION DESCRIBE, F-20

COLLECTION GET statement, 18-8

SQL statements

COLLECTION GET, F-21

collection object types

handling, 18-4

COLLECTION RESET statement, 18-11

example, 18-22

SQL statements

COLLECTION RESET, F-22

COLLECTION SET statement, 18-10

example, 18-19

SQL statements

COLLECTION SET, F-23

COLLECTION TRIM statement, 18-13

SQL statements

COLLECTION TRIM, F-24

collection types

structs for, 18-3

collections, A-4

and C, 18-3

autonomous access, 18-4

OBJECT GET statement, 18-6

OBJECT SET statement, 18-6

VARRAYs, 18-3

column list

in INSERT statements, 6-9

when permissible to omit, 6-9

COMMENT clause

of COMMIT statement, F-25

Comments

restrictions in PL/SQL block, 13-31

comments

ANSI, 2-11

which allowed, 2-11

commit

automatic, 3-17

explicit versus implicit, 3-17

function of, 3-16

COMMIT SQL statement, F-24

COMMIT statement, 3-18

effect of, 3-18

ending a transaction, F-101

example of, 3-18

examples, F-26

purpose of, 3-18

RELEASE option in, 3-18

using in a PL/SQL block, 3-28

where to place, 3-18

committing

transactions, F-24

communicating over a network, 3-6

COMP_CHARSET precompiler option, 10-14

compiling, 2-18

specifying include file locations, 5-35

compliance

concurrency

concurrent connections, 3-7

conditional precompilation, 2-16

defining symbols, 5-42

example, 2-16, 5-43

CONFIG OTT parameter, 19-29

CONFIG precompiler option, 10-15

configuration files, 10-5

and the Object Type Translator, 19-5

location, 10-6

system, 10-3

user, 10-3

CONNECT statement, F-26

AT clause in, 3-9

connecting to Oracle with, 3-2

examples, F-28

requirements for, 3-2

USING clause in, 3-9

using to enable a semantic check, D-4

connecting to Oracle, 3-2

automatic connections, 3-4

connections

default versus non-default, 3-8

Explicit connections, 3-8

implicit, 3-14

naming of, 3-8

const

declaring constants, 5-45

CONTEXT ALLOCATE SQL statement, F-28

CONTEXT ALLOCATE statement, 11-8

context block

definition of, 20-4

CONTEXT FREE statement, 11-10, F-29

CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION GET SQL statement, 17-18

CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION SET SQL statement, 17-17

CONTEXT USE directive, 11-9

CONTEXT USE SQL directive, F-33

CONTEXT USE SQL statement, 11-9

CONTINUE action

CPP_SUFFIX precompiler option, 10-15

result of, 9-25

CONVBUFSZ clause, 4-51

conventions

description of, xxxvi

notation, xxxvi

CPP_SUFFIX

precompiler option, 12-5

CPP_SUFFIX precompiler options, 10-15

CREATE PROCEDURE statement

embedded, 7-21

creating

savepoints, F-103

creating temporary LOB, 16-15

curly brackets, xxxvi

CURRENT OF clause, 8-4

example of, 6-17

mimicking with ROWID, 3-26, 8-28

purpose of, 6-17

restrictions on, 6-17

current row

definition of, 2-8

using FETCH to retrieve, 6-12

cursor cache

definition of, 9-37

purpose of, C-9

cursor control statements

example of typical sequence, 6-18

cursor operations

overview of, 6-11

cursor variables, 4-26, F-12

allocating, 4-27

declaring, 4-26

restrictions on, 4-32

use of in recursive functions, 1-11

cursors, 2-17, 4-26

data definition statements

in transactions, 3-17

data integrity, 3-13

creating synonym for, 3-14

data locks, 3-16

database link

defining, 3-14

example using, 3-14

using in INSERT statement, F-70

where stored, 3-14

database types

new, 17-35

databases

naming, 3-8

datatype codes

used in descriptors, 15-15

datatype conversions, 5-11, 5-12

datatype equivalencing, 2-7, 5-12

purpose of, 2-7

datatype mappings, 19-10

datatypes

coercing NUMBER to VARCHAR2, 15-15

dealing with ORACLE internal, 15-15

internal, 4-2

internal versus external, 2-7

list of internal, 15-13

need to coerce, 15-15

Oracle, 2-7

restrictions on using, 17-38

user-defined type equivalencing, F-111

when to reset, 15-15

DATE datatype, 4-8

DBMS interaction with MODE, 10-17

DBMS option, 5-15

DBMS precompiler option, 10-16

DDL in transactions, 3-17

deadlock

effect on transactions, 3-22

how broken, 3-22

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, 14-14, F-34

declaration

of cursors, 6-12

of host arrays, 8-2

of pointer variables, 4-46

of SQLCA, 9-16

declarative SQL statements

in transactions, 3-17

uses for, 2-3

where allowed, 2-3

DECLARE CURSOR directives

examples, F-37

DECLARE CURSOR statement, 14-25

AT clause in, 3-10

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-25

DECLARE DATABASE SQL directives, F-37

Declare Section

allowable statements, 2-12

form, 2-11

purpose, 2-11

required when MODE=ANSI, 10-31

requirements, 2-11

rules for defining, 2-12

when MODE=ANSI, 5-15

when required, 2-11, 4-12

DECLARE statement, 6-13

example of, 6-12

purpose of, 6-11

required placement of, 6-12

scope of, F-40

use in dynamic SQL method 3, 13-20

DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-39

DECLARE STATEMENT statement

AT clause in, 3-12

example of using, 13-28

using with dynamic SQL, 13-28

when required, 13-28

DECLARE statements

examples, F-40

DECLARE TABLE directive

examples, F-41

using with the SQLCHECK option, D-5

DECLARE TABLE SQL directive, F-40

DECLARE TABLE statement

need for with AT clause, 3-10

DECLARE TYPE directive, F-42

DEF_SQLCODE precompiler option, 10-17

default connections, 3-8

default database, 3-7

default file name extensions, 19-38

DEFINE precompiler option, 10-18

used in application migration, 5-35

defining symbols, 2-16

DELETE CASCADE, 9-21

DELETE SQL statement, F-43

DELETE statement

embedded SQL examples, F-46

example of, 6-10

purpose of, 6-10

using host arrays in, 8-13

WHERE clause in, 6-10

delimiters

C versus SQL, 2-12

DEPT table, 2-18

DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES statement

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-25

DESCRIBE command

use with PREPARE command, F-47

DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-49

DESCRIBE INPUT statement, 14-22

DESCRIBE OUTPUT statement, 14-22

DESCRIBE SELECT LIST statement

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-30

DESCRIBE SQL statement, F-47

DESCRIBE statement

examples, F-48

use in dynamic SQL Method 4, 13-26

descriptions of collection attributes, 18-15

descriptors, 15-4

bind descriptor, 13-26

definition of, 13-25

need for, 15-4

select descriptor, 13-26

using the sqlald() function to allocate, 15-5

using the sqlclu() function to deallocate, 15-37

determining current value of precompiler options, 10-4

directives, 2-3

distributed processing

support for, 3-7

using Net8 for, 3-7

distributed transactions, F-102

DML Returning Clause, A-5

DML returning clauses, 6-11

DO action

DURATION precompiler option, 10-20, 17-20

dummy host variables

dynamic PL/SQL

rules for, 13-29

versus dynamic SQL, 13-29

dynamic SQL

advantages and disadvantages of, 13-2

cannot use cursor variables with, 4-32

choosing the right method, 13-6

restrictions on use of datatypes, 17-38

restrictions on using datatypes in, 17-38

use of PL/SQL with, 7-33

uses for, 13-2

using the AT clause in, 3-11

when to use, 13-2

dynamic SQL (ANSI)

basics, 14-2

bulk operations, 14-8

differences from Oracle dynamic, 14-28

Oracle extensions, 14-7

Overview, 14-3

Precompiler Options, 14-2

precompiler options, 14-11

reference semantics, 14-7

sample program, 14-37

sample programs, 14-29

dynamic SQL method 1

commands used with, 13-5

description of, 13-9

example of, 13-9

how to use, 13-8

requirements for, 13-5

use of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE with, 13-9

use of DECLARE STATEMENT with, 13-28

dynamic SQL Method 2

use of EXECUTE with, 13-13

dynamic SQL method 2

commands used with, 13-5

description of, 13-13

example of, 13-15

requirements for, 13-5

use of PREPARE with, 13-13

dynamic SQL Method 3

use of DECLARE STATEMENT with, 13-28

compared to method 2, 13-19

dynamic SQL method 3

commands used with, 13-5

example program, 13-21

requirements for, 13-5

sequence of statements used with, 13-19

use of DECLARE with, 13-20

use of FETCH with, 13-20

use of OPEN with, 13-20

use of PREPARE with, 13-19

dynamic SQL Method 4

overview of, 13-25, 13-26

sequence of statements used with, 13-27

use of DECLARE STATEMENT with, 13-28

use of DESCRIBE in, 13-26

use of descriptors with, 13-25

use of the SQLDA in, 13-26

using the FOR clause with, 13-29

when needed, 13-25

dynamic SQL method 4

need for descriptors with, 15-4

prerequisites for using, 15-12

requirements for, 13-6

requirements of, 15-2

sequence of statements used with, 15-20

steps for, 15-19

use of CLOSE statement in, 15-37

use of DECLARE CURSOR statement in, 15-25

use of DESCRIBE statement in, 15-25, 15-30

use of FETCH statement in, 15-35

use of OPEN statement in, 15-30

use of PREPARE statement in, 15-25

use of the SQLDA in, 15-4

using host arrays with, 15-37

using the FOR clause with, 15-37

dynamic SQL Method 4 sample program, 15-40

dynamic SQL methods

overview of, 13-4

dynamic SQL statements

binding of host variables in, 13-4

definition of, 13-2

how processed, 13-4

parsing of, 13-4

requirements for, 13-3

use of placeholders in, 13-3

using host arrays in, 13-29

versus static SQL statements, 13-2

embedded PL/SQL

procedures and functions, 7-3

requirements for, 7-6

SQLCHECK option, 7-7

support for SQL, 2-6

user-defined records, 7-5

using %TYPE, 7-2

using the VARCHAR pseudotype with, 7-11

using to improve performance, C-3

where allowed, 7-6

embedded SQL

embedded SQL statements

labels for, 9-25

referencing host arrays in, 8-3

referencing host variables in, 4-15

suffixes and prefixes not allowed, 2-11

terminator for, 2-15

use of apostrophes in, 2-12

use of quotation marks in, 2-12

embedding

PL/SQL blocks in precompiler programs, F-51

EMP table, 2-18

ENABLE THREADS SQL statement, F-50

ENABLE THREADS statement, 11-8

enabling

threads, 11-8

encoding scheme (character set or code page), 4-49

enqueues

locking, 3-16

entering options, 5-31, 10-9

equivalencing

host variable equivalencing, F-116

user-defined type equivalencing, F-111

equivalencing of datatypes

datatype equivalencing, 2-7

error detection

error reporting, F-120

SQLCA versus WHENEVER statement, 9-3

use of ROLLBACK statement in, 3-21

error messages

maximum length of, 9-23

use in error reporting, 9-16

using the sqlglm() function to get, 9-22

where available in SQLCA, 9-16

error reporting

key components of, 9-14

use of error messages in, 9-16

use of parse error offset in, 9-15

use of rows-processed count in, 9-15

use of warning flags in, 9-15

WHENEVER directive, F-120

ERRORS precompiler option, 10-20

ERRTYPE

precompiler option, 10-21

ERRTYPE OTT parameter, 19-30

ERRTYPE precompiler option, 17-21

exception, PL/SQL

definition of, 7-13

EXEC ORACLE DEFINE statement, 5-42

EXEC ORACLE ELSE statement, 2-16, 5-42

EXEC ORACLE ENDIF statement, 2-16, 5-42

EXEC ORACLE IFDEF statement, 2-16, 5-42

EXEC ORACLE IFNDEF statement, 2-16, 5-42

EXEC ORACLE OPTION statement

set option values inline, 10-9

EXEC ORACLE statement

scope of, 10-10

syntax for, 10-9

uses for, 10-10

EXEC ORACLE statements, 2-16

EXEC SQL CACHE FREE statement, 17-6

EXEC SQL clause

using to embed SQL, 2-5

EXEC SQL INCLUDE

contrasted with #include, 5-35

EXEC SQL VAR statement

CONVBUFSZ clause, 4-51

EXEC TOOLS

GET CONTEXT statement, 20-16

GET statement, 20-15

MESSAGE statement, 20-17

SET CONTEXT statement, 20-16

SET statement, 20-15

EXEC TOOLS statements, 20-14

executable SQL statements

EXECUTE ... END-EXEC SQL statement, F-51

EXECUTE DESCRIPTOR statement

SQL statements

EXECUTE DESCRIPTOR, F-55

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE SQL statement, F-57

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, 14-24

AT clause in, 3-11

examples, F-58

use in dynamic SQL method 1, 13-9

EXECUTE optional keyword of ARRAYLEN statement, 7-18

EXECUTE SQL statement, F-53

EXECUTE statement, 14-23

examples, F-52, F-54

use in dynamic SQL method 2, 13-13

execution of statements, 13-4

execution plan, C-5, C-6

EXPLAIN PLAN statement

function of, C-6

FETCH DESCRIPTOR SQL statement, F-61

explicit connections, 3-8

description of, 3-8

multiple, 3-12

single, 3-9

extensions

default file name, 19-38

external datatypes

definition of, 2-7

FLOAT, 4-6

INTEGER, 4-6

STRING, 4-6

external procedures, A-5

callbacks, 7-29

calling from PL/SQL, 7-29

creating, 7-30

error-handling, 7-31

restrictions, 7-30

F variable in SQLDA

how value is set, 15-10

purpose of, 15-10

FETCH SQL statement, F-58

FETCH statement, 14-26

example of, 6-14

examples, F-60

INTO clause in, 6-14

purpose of, 6-12, 6-14

results of, 6-14

use in dynamic SQL method 3, 13-20

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-35

used after OPEN command, F-96

used after OPEN statement, F-93

fetching

rows from cursors, F-58, F-61

fetching in batches

batch fetch, 8-5

FIPS flagger

warns of array usage, 8-4

warns of missing Declare Section, 4-12

warns of use of pointers as host variables, 5-7

FIPS precompiler option, 10-21

flags

warning flags, 9-15

FLOAT datatype, 4-6

FOR clause

example of using, 8-14

of embedded SQL EXECUTE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-56

of embedded SQL EXECUTE statement, F-54

of embedded SQL INSERT statement, F-70

purpose of, 8-14

requirements for, 8-15

restrictions on, 8-15

using in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-37

using with host arrays, 8-14

when variable negative or zero, 8-15

FOR UPDATE OF clause

locking rows with, 3-24

purpose of, 3-24

when to use, 3-24

FORCE clause

of COMMIT statement, F-26

of ROLLBACK statement, F-100

forward references

why not allowed, 6-12

FREE SQL statement, 17-6, F-63

free() function, 15-37

example of using, 15-37

freeing

thread context, 11-10, F-29

full scan

description of, C-6

function prototype

definition of, 10-13

functions

cannot serve as host variables, 4-16

GENXTB form

how to run, 20-12

use with user exits, 20-12

GENXTB utility

how to run, 20-13

use with user exits, 20-13

GET DESCRIPTOR statement, 14-14

GOTO action

for separate precompilations, 2-17

result of, 9-25

guidelines

for dynamic SQL, 13-6

for the WHENEVER statement, 9-29

for transactions, 3-27

for user exits, 20-13

HEADER precompiler option, 5-36, 10-23

heap

definition of, 9-37

HFILE OTT parameter, 19-29

hints

COST, C-5

for the ORACLE SQL statement optimizer, 6-16

in DELETE statements, F-46

in SELECT statements, F-107

in UPDATE statements, F-115

HOLD_CURSOR

precompiler option

used to improved performance, C-12

what it affects, C-7

HOLD_CURSOR option

of ORACLE Precompilers, F-18

HOLD_CURSOR precompiler option, 10-23

host arrays

host language

definition of, 2-2, 2-3

host program

host structures

assigning values to, 2-6

declarations, 18-4

declaring, 2-11, 18-4

definition of, 2-6

dummy, 13-3

host variable equivalencing, F-116

in EXECUTE statement, F-54

in OPEN statement, F-93

in user exits, 20-4

input versus output, 6-2

must resolve to an address, 4-16

overview of, 2-6

purpose of, 6-2

requirements for, 2-6

restrictions on, 4-16

rules for naming, 2-14

using in PL/SQL, 7-7

where allowed, 2-6

I variable in SQLDA

how value is set, 15-10

purpose of, 15-10

IAF GET statement

example of using, 20-5

in user exits, 20-4

purpose of, 20-4

specifying block and field names in, 20-5

syntax for, 20-4

IAF PUT statement

example of using, 20-6

in user exits, 20-5

purpose of, 20-5

specifying block and field names in, 20-6

syntax for, 20-5

IAP in SQL*Forms

purpose of, 20-13

identifiers, ORACLE

how to form, F-11

implicit connections, 3-14

multiple, 3-15

single, 3-14

IN OUT parameter mode, 7-3

IN parameter mode, 7-3

INAME precompiler option, 10-25

INCLUDE

precompiler option, use of, 5-34

using to include the SQLCA, 9-16

INCLUDE precompiler option, E-3

indexes

in-doubt transaction, 3-26

indicator arrays, 8-4

example of using, 8-4

uses for, 8-4

INDICATOR keyword, 4-16

indicator variables

INITFILE OTT parameter, 19-29

INITFUNC OTT parameter, 19-29

initialization function

calling, 19-20

tasks of, 19-22

input host variables

assigning values to, 6-3

insert of no rows

INSERT SQL statement, F-68

INSERT statement

requirements for, 6-9

using host arrays in, 8-11

VALUES clause in, 6-9

inserting

rows into tables and views, F-68

INTEGER datatype, 4-6

interface

native, 5-54

XA, 5-54

internal datatypes

definition of, 2-7

INTO clause

for output host variables, 6-2

in FETCH statements, 6-14

in INSERT statements, 6-9

in SELECT statements, 6-8

of FETCH DESCRIPTOR statement, F-62

of FETCH statement, F-59

of SELECT statement, F-106

used with FETCH instead of SELECT, 6-12

intype file, 19-32

providing when running OTT, 19-8

structure of, 19-32

INTYPE OTT parameter, 19-27

INTYPE precompiler option, 10-26

invalid use

of precompiler preprocessor, 5-33

ISO

compliance, xxxvii

joins

restriction on, 6-18

L variable in SQLDA

how value is set, 15-8

purpose of, 15-8

label name

maximum length of, 9-25

Large Objects (LOBs), A-4

LDA, 5-50

remote and multiple connections, 5-50

setup for OCI rel 8, 5-50

lines

continuation, 2-14

maximum length, 2-14

LINES precompiler option, 10-27

link

Linking in an XA Library, E-3

LNAME precompiler option, 10-28

LNPROC

VMS link script, 1-10

LOB APPEND SQL statement, F-72

LOB APPEND statement, 16-12

LOB ASSIGN SQL statement, F-73

LOB ASSIGN statement, 16-12

LOB CLOSE SQL statement, F-73

LOB CLOSE statement, 16-13

LOB COPY SQL statement, F-74

LOB COPY statement, 16-14

LOB CREATE TEMPORARY SQL statement, F-74

LOB CREATE temporary statement, 16-15

LOB DESCRIBE SQL statement, F-75

LOB DISABLE BUFFERING SQL statement, F-76

LOB DISABLE BUFFERING statement, 16-16

LOB ENABLE BUFFERING SQL statement, F-77

LOB ENABLE BUFFERING statement, 16-16

LOB ERASE SQL statement, F-77

LOB ERASE statement, 16-17

LOB FILE CLOSE ALL SQL statement, F-78

LOB FILE CLOSE ALL statement, 16-17

LOB file close all statement, 16-17

LOB FILE SET SQL statement, F-79

LOB FILE SET statement, 16-18

LOB FLUSH BUFFER SQL statement, F-79

LOB FLUSH BUFFER statement, 16-19

LOB FREE TEMPORARY SQL statement, F-80

LOB FREE TEMPORARY statement, 16-19

LOB LOAD FROM FILE statement, 16-20

LOB LOAD SQL statement, F-80

LOB OPEN SQL statement, F-81

LOB OPEN statement, 16-21

LOB READ SQL statement, F-82

LOB READ statement, 16-22

LOB TRIM SQL statement, F-82

LOB WRITE SQL statement, F-83

LOBs

access methods, 16-5

BFILES, 16-2

buffering system, 16-10

Location of Included Files, E-2

location transparency

how provided, 3-15

lock

released by ROLLBACK statement, F-101

LOCK TABLE statement

example of, 3-25

locking tables with, 3-25

NOWAIT parameter in, 3-25

purpose of, 3-25

specifying lock mode in, 3-25

locking, 3-24

explicit versus implicit, 3-24

modes of, 3-16

overriding default, 3-24

privileges needed to obtain, 3-27

table versus row, 3-24

uses for, 3-24

with FOR UPDATE OF, 3-24

with the LOCK TABLE statement, 3-25

logon, 3-2

Logon Data Area, 5-50

LONG datatype, 4-7

LONG RAW datatype, 4-9

LONG VARCHAR

datatype, 4-10

LONG VARRAW datatype, 4-10

LTYPE precompiler option, 10-28

lvalue, 4-11

M variable in SQLDA

macro precompiler options, 10-5

malloc()

example of using, 15-32

purpose of, 15-32

MAXLITERAL

default value for, 2-15

MAXLITERAL precompiler option, 10-29

MAXOPENCURSORS

precompiler option

effect on performance, C-10

for multiple cursors, 6-13

specifying for separate precompilation, 2-17

what it affects, C-7

MAXOPENCURSORS precompiler option, 10-30

metadata, 18-16

micro precompiler options, 10-5

migration

error message codes, A-6

include files, 5-36

migration from earlier releases, A-6

MODE

precompiler option

effect on OPEN, 6-13

MODE interaction with DBMS, 10-17

MODE precompiler option, 10-31

modes, parameter, 7-3

multithreaded applications

sample program, 11-12

user-interface features

embedded SQL statements and directives, 11-8

N variable in SQLDA

how value is set, 15-7

purpose of, 15-7

naming

of cursors, 6-12

of database objects, F-11

of select-list items, 15-5

of SQL*Forms user exits, 20-13

National Language Support (NLS), 4-48

NATIVE

value of DBMS option, 10-16

native interface, 5-54

navigational access sample program, 17-24

nested tables, 18-2

creation, 18-2

Net8

connecting to Oracle via, 3-7

connection syntax, 3-6

for concurrent connections, 3-7

function of, 3-6

network

communicating over, 3-6

protocols, 3-6

reducing traffic, C-4

NIST

compliance, xxxvii

NIST, address of, xxxviii

NLS (National Language Support), 4-48, A-2

NLS parameter

NLS_CURRENCY, 4-48

NLS_DATE_FORMAT, 4-48

NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE, 4-48

NLS_ISO_CURRENCY, 4-48

NLS_LANG, 4-49

NLS_LANGUAGE, 4-48

NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS, 4-48

NLS_SORT, 4-48

NLS_TERRITORY, 4-48

NLS_CHAR precompiler option, 10-32

NLS_LOCAL precompiler option, 10-32

node

current, 3-7

definition of, 3-6

NOT FOUND condition

in the WHENEVER statement, 9-24

meaning of, 9-24

in LOCK TABLE statements, 3-25

notation

NOWAIT parameter

omitting, 3-25

NULLs

definition of, 2-6

detecting, 6-4

handling in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-17

using the sqlnul() function to test for, 15-18

null-terminated strings, 4-7

NUMBER datatype, 4-5

using the sqlprc() function with, 15-16

numeric expressions

cannot serve as host variables, 4-16

object cache, 17-4

OBJECT CREATE SQL statement, 17-9, F-84

OBJECT DELETE SQL statement, 17-11, F-85

OBJECT DEREF SQL statement, 17-10, F-86

OBJECT FLUSH SQL statement, F-87

OBJECT FLUSH SQL statements, 17-12

OBJECT GET SQL statement, 17-16, F-88

OBJECT RELEASE SQL statement, F-89

OBJECT SET SQL statement, 17-14, F-90

Object Type Translator (OTT), A-4

command line, 19-6

command line syntax, 19-26

creating types in the database, 19-5

datatype mappings, 19-10

default name mapping, 19-38

outtype file, 19-17

parameters, 19-27 to 19-31

providing an intype file, 19-8

reference, 19-25

restriction, 19-39

using, 19-1, 19-2

using with Pro*C/C++, 19-22

Object Types, A-3

OBJECT UPDATE SQL statement, 17-12, F-91

objects

accessing with OCI, 19-19

introduction to, 17-2

manipulating with OCI, 19-19

persistent, 17-4

persistent versus transient copies of, 17-4

using object types in Pro*C/C++, 17-3

OBJECTS precompiler option, 10-33, 17-20

ocation of the Pro*C/C++ Executable, E-3

OCI applications

using the OTT with, 19-18

OCI calls, 1-8

embedding, 5-50

in an X/A environment, 5-55

OCI onblon() call

not used to connect, 5-50

OCI orlon() call

not used to connect, 5-50

OCI Release 8, 5-45

accessing and manipulating objects, 19-19

embedding in Pro*C/C++, 5-48

interfacing to, 5-46

parameters in the environment handle, 5-46

SQLLIB extensions, 5-45

OCI types

using in embedded SQL, 17-34

ONAME precompiler option, 10-33

usage notes for, 10-34

OPEN CURSOR statement, 14-25

OPEN DESCRIPTOR SQL statement, F-94

OPEN SQL statement, F-92

OPEN statement, 6-13

dependence on precompiler options, 6-13

effect of, 6-13

example of, 6-13

examples, F-94

purpose of, 6-12, 6-13

use in dynamic SQL method 3, 13-20

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-30

opening

a cursor variable, 4-27

cursors, F-92, F-94

operators

C versus SQL, 2-15

restrictions on, 2-15

optimization approach, C-5

optimizer hints, C-5

in C, 6-16

in C++, 6-16, 12-4

ORACA, 9-3

example of using, 9-41

using to gather cursor cache statistics, 9-40

ORACA precompiler option, 10-34

ORACAID component, 9-38

Oracle

datatypes, 2-7

Forms Version 4, 20-14

Open Gateway

using the ROWID datatype with, 4-8

Toolset, 20-14

Oracle Call Interface Rel 7, 5-50

Oracle Communications Area, 9-34

ORACLE identifiers

OTT parameters

where they appear, 19-31

OTT. See Object Type Translator

OUT parameter mode, 7-3

output host variables

assigning values to, 6-2

definition of, 6-2

outtype file, 19-32

when running OTT, 19-17

OUTTYPE OTT parameter, 19-28

overhead

reducing, C-2

PAGELEN

precompiler option, 10-35

parameter modes, 7-3

PARSE

precompiler option, 10-35, 12-4

parse

definition of, 13-4

parse error offset

how to interpret, 9-15

use in error reporting, 9-15

parsing dynamic statements

PREPARE statement, F-96

password

defining, 3-2

passwords

changing at runtime, A-2

performance

eliminating extra parsing to improve, C-7

optimizing SQL statements to improve, C-5

reasons for poor, C-2

using embedded PL/SQL to improve, C-3

using HOLD_CURSOR to improve, C-12

using host arrays to improve, C-3

using indexes to improve, C-6

using RELEASE_CURSOR to improve, C-12

using row-level locking to improve, C-6

persistent copies of objects, 17-4

persistent objects, 17-4

PL/SQL, 1-4

anonymous block

used to open a cursor variable, 4-28

cursor FOR loop, 7-3

description of, 1-4

difference from SQL, 1-4

executing a block using the AT clause, 3-10

integration with database server, 7-2

main advantage of, 1-4

packages, 7-4

PL/SQL tables, 7-5

procedures and functions, 7-3

RECORD type

cannot be bound to a C struct, 4-41

relationship with SQL, 1-4

setting SQLCA, 9-22

user-defined records, 7-5

PL/SQL blocks

embedded in precompiler programs, F-51

placeholders

duplicate, 13-14, 13-30

naming, 13-14

proper order of, 13-14

use in dynamic SQL statements, 13-3

pointer

definition of, 4-46

to cursor variables

restrictions on, 4-27

pointer variables

declaring, 4-46

determining size of referenced value, 4-46

referencing, 4-46

referencing struct members with, 4-46

precedence of precompiler options, 10-3

precision

definition of, 15-16

using sqlprc() to extract, 15-16

when not specified, 15-16

precompilation, 10-6

conditional, 2-16

separate, 2-17

precompilation unit, 3-2, 10-7

precompiled header files, 5-36, A-2

C++ restrictions, 5-40

CODE option, 5-40

PARSE option, 5-40

precompiler options

alphabetized list, 10-7, 10-11

AUTO_CONNECT, 10-11

case sensitivity, 10-2

CHAR_MAP, 5-2, 10-12, A-3

CLOSE_ON_COMMIT, 6-15, 10-12

CODE, 10-13

COMP_CHARSET, 10-14

CONFIG, 10-15

configuration files, 10-5

determining current value, 10-4

DURATION, 10-20

DYNAMIC, 14-11

entering, 10-9

entering on the command line, 10-9

HOLD_CURSOR, 10-23, 10-24

MAXLITERAL, 2-15, 10-29

MAXOPENCURSORS, 10-30

micro and macro, 10-5

RELEASE_CURSOR, 10-36

SQLCHECK, 10-38, 17-21

syntax for, 10-9

SYS_INCLUDE, 10-39

THREADS, 10-40, 11-8

TYPE_CODE, 10-41, 14-11

UNSAFE_NULL, 10-41

USERID, 10-42

using, 10-11 to 10-44

VARCHAR, 10-42

VERSION, 10-43

predefined symbols, 2-16

preface

Send Us Your Comments, xxix

PREFETCH precompiler option, 10-36, A-5

PREPARE SQL statement, F-96

PREPARE statement, 14-21

effect on data definition statements, 13-5

examples, F-98

use in dynamic SQL, 13-13, 13-19

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-25

preprocessor

example, 5-43

EXEC ORACLE directives, 5-42

preprocessor directives

directives not supported by Pro*C, 5-30

preprocessor, support of, 4-2

private SQL area

association with cursors, 2-8

definition of, 2-8

opening of, 2-8

purpose of, C-9

Pro*C/C++ Precompiler

common uses for, 1-3

new database types, 17-35

new features, A-1 to A-6

object support in, 17-1

runtime context, 5-45

support for NLS, 4-49

use of PL/SQL with, 7-6

using OTT with, 19-22

procedural database extension, 7-4

program termination

normal versus abnormal, 3-22

programming guidelines, 2-11

queries

association with cursors, 6-11

forwarding, 3-14

incorrectly coded, 6-8

kinds of, 6-6

requirements for, 6-7

returning more than one row, 6-7

single-row versus multirow, 6-8

RAW datatype, 4-9

read consistency

in SET TRANSACTION statement, 3-23

READ ONLY parameter

read-only transactions

REF

REF (reference to object), 17-2

REFERENCE clause

in TYPE statement, 5-14

reference semantics (ANSI dynamic SQL), 14-7

references to objects (REFs)

declaring, 17-33

using, 17-33

using in embedded SQL, 17-33

referencing

of host arrays, 8-2, 8-3

REFs

declaring, 17-33

using, 17-33

using in embedded SQL, 17-33

REGISTER CONNECT SQL statement, F-98

RELEASE option, 3-22

if omitted, 3-23

in COMMIT statement, 3-18

in ROLLBACK statement, 3-21

purpose of, 3-18

restriction on, 3-21

RELEASE_CURSOR

precompiler option

what it affects, C-7

RELEASE_CURSOR option

of ORACLE Precompilers, F-18

using to improve performance, C-12

RELEASE_CURSOR precompiler option, 10-36

remote database

declaration of, F-37

reserved namespaces, B-4

reserved words and keywords, B-2

resource manager, 5-54

restrictions

on AT clause, 3-11

on Comments, 13-31

on CURRENT OF clause, 6-17

on declaring cursors, 6-13

on FOR clause, 8-15

on host arrays, 8-4, 8-10, 8-12, 8-13, 8-14

on input host variables, 6-2

on NULLs, 6-5

on separate precompilation, 2-17

on SET TRANSACTION statement, 3-23

use of CURRENT OF clause, 8-4

retrieving rows from a table

return codes

returning clause

returning clauses, 6-11

roll back

to a savepoint, F-103

to the same savepoint multiple times, F-101

rollback segment

function of, 3-16

ROLLBACK SQL statement, F-99

ROLLBACK statement, 3-22

effect of, 3-20

ending a transaction, F-101

example of, 3-21

examples, F-102

in error handling routines, 3-21

purpose of, 3-20

RELEASE option in, 3-21

TO SAVEPOINT clause in, 3-20

using in a PL/SQL block, 3-28

where to place, 3-21

rollbacks

automatic, 3-22

function of, 3-16

statement-level, 3-22

row locks

acquiring with FOR UPDATE OF, 3-24

advantage of, C-6

using to mimic CURRENT OF, 3-26, 8-28

ROWID

pseudocolumns, 4-38

universal, 4-7, 4-38

ROWID datatype, 4-7

rows

fetching from cursors, F-58, F-61

inserting into tables and views, F-68

updating, F-112

rows-processed count

in the SQLCA, 9-21

use in error reporting, 9-15

runtime context

establishing, 5-45

terminating, 5-45

runtime type checking, 17-22

S variable in SQLDA

how value is set, 15-10

purpose of, 15-10

sample database tables

DEPT table, 2-18

EMP table, 2-18

sample object type code, 17-24

sample programs

SAVEPOINT SQL statement, F-103

SAVEPOINT statement

savepoints

Scale

using SQLPRC to extract, F-118

scale

definition of, 15-16, F-118

using sqlprc() to extract, 15-16

when negative, 15-16, F-118

SCHEMA_NAMES OTT parameter, 19-31

usage, 19-36

scope

of a cursor variable, 4-26

of DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-40

of precompiler options, 10-7

of the EXEC ORACLE statement, 10-10

of WHENEVER statement, 9-28

search condition

definition of, 6-10

in the WHERE clause, 6-10

select descriptor, 13-26, 15-4

definition of, 13-26

information in, 13-26

select list

definition of, 6-8

number of items in, 6-8

using the free() function for, 15-37

using the malloc() function for, 15-32

SELECT SQL statement, F-104

select SQLDA

purpose of, 15-3

SELECT statement, 6-7

clauses available for, 6-8

embedded SQL examples, F-107

using host arrays in, 8-5

WHERE clause in, 6-8

SELECT_ERROR

precompiler option, 6-8, 10-38

semantic checking

controlling with the SQLCHECK option, D-2

definition of, D-2

enabling, D-4

with the SQLCHECK option, D-2

Send Us Your Comments

boilerplate, xxix

separate precompilation

guidelines for, 2-17

referencing cursors for, 2-17

restrictions on, 2-17

specifying MAXOPENCURSORS for, 2-17

using a single SQLCA with, 2-18

server

integration with PL/SQL, 7-2

session

definition of, 3-15

sessions

beginning, F-26

SET clause

in UPDATE statements, 6-10

purpose of, 6-10

use of subqueries in, 6-10

SET DESCRIPTOR SQL statement, F-107

SET DESCRIPTOR statement, 14-18

SET TRANSACTION statement

example of, 3-23

purpose of, 3-23

READ ONLY parameter in, 3-23

requirements for, 3-23

restrictions on, 3-23

Size of an Integer and ROWID, E-2

SQL

SQL Communications Area, 9-2

SQLCA, 9-16

SQL Descriptor Area

SQLDA, 13-26, 15-4

SQL directives

CONTEXT USE, 11-9, F-33

DECLARE DATABASE, F-37

DECLARE STATEMENT, F-39

VAR, F-116

SQL statements

ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR TYPE, F-14

concerns when executing, 6-6

CONNECT, F-26

CONTEXT ALLOCATE, F-28

CONTEXT FREE, F-29

CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION GET, F-30

CONTEXT OBJECT OPTION SET, F-31

DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR, F-34

DELETE, F-43

DESCRIBE, F-47

DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR, F-49

ENABLE THREADS, F-50

executable versus directive, 2-3

EXECUTE, F-53

EXECUTE ... END-EXEC, F-51

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, F-57

FETCH, F-58

FETCH DESCRIPTOR, F-61

for defining and controlling transactions, 3-16

for manipulating a cursor, 6-7, 6-11

for manipulating ORACLE data, 6-7

for querying Oracle data, 6-7

FREE, F-63

LOB DISABLE BUFFERING, F-76

LOB ENABLE BUFFERING, F-77

LOB ERASE, F-77

LOB FILE CLOSE, F-78

LOB FILE SET, F-79

LOB FLUSH BUFFER, F-79

LOB FREE TEMPORARY, F-80

OPEN, F-92

OPEN DESCRIPTOR, F-94

optimizing to improve performance, C-5

PREPARE, F-96

REGISTER CONNECT, F-98

ROLLBACK, F-99

rules for executing, C-5

SAVEPOINT, F-103

SELECT, F-104

SET DESCRIPTOR, F-107

summary of, F-5

types of, 2-3

UPDATE, F-112

SQL*Forms

display error screen in, 20-8

IAP constants in, 20-8

returning values to, 20-8

reverse return code switch in, 20-8

SQL*Net

connecting using Version 2, 3-4

SQL*Plus, 1-3

using to test SELECT statements, 6-8

versus embedded SQL, 1-3

SQL, dynamic, 2-6

SQL_CURSOR, F-12

SQL_SINGLE_RCTX

defined constant, 5-51

definition of, 5-47

SQL92, xxxvi

sqlald() function

example of using, 15-21

purpose of, 15-5

syntax for, 15-5

sqlaldt() function

see SQLSQLDAAlloc, 5-52

SQLCA, 9-2, 9-14

components in, 9-19

components set for a PL/SQL block, 9-22

declaring, 9-16

description of, 9-16

explicit versus implicit checking of, 9-3

including multiple times, 5-34

overview of, 2-9

SQLCABC component in, 9-19

SQLCAID component in, 9-19

sqlcode component in, 9-19

sqlerrd, 9-21

sqlerrd[2] component in, 9-21

sqlerrmc component in, 9-20

sqlerrml component in, 9-20

sqlwarn, 9-22

use in separate precompilations, 2-18

using more than one, 9-16

using with SQL*Net, 9-16

sqlca.h

listing of, 9-17

use of SQLCA_STORAGE_CLASS with, 2-17

SQLCAID component, 9-19

SQLCDAFromResultSetCursor(), 5-52

SQLCDAGetCurrent, 5-52

sqlcdat()

see SQLCDAFromResultSetCursor(), 5-52

SQLCHECK option

restrictions on, D-2

usage notes for, 10-39

what it affects, D-3

SQLCHECK precompiler option, 10-38, 17-21, D-4, D-5

SQLCHECK support for objects, 17-21

sqlclu() function

example of using, 15-37

purpose of, 15-37

syntax for, 15-37

sqlclut() function

see SQLSQLDAFree(), 5-52

SQLCODE

with MODE=ANSI, 10-31

sqlcode

component in SQLCA, 9-3, 9-14

interpreting values of, 9-19

SQLCODE status variable

declaring, 9-13

when declared with the SQLCA, 9-14

when used, 9-14

sqlcpr.h, 9-23

sqlcurt() function

see SQLDAToResultSetCursor(), 5-52

SQLDA

bind versus select, 13-26

information stored in, 13-26

struct, contents of, 15-5

structure of, 15-7

T variable in, 15-9

use in dynamic SQL method 4, 15-4

SQLDAToResultSetCursor(), 5-52

SQLEnvGet function in SQLLIB, 5-47

SQLEnvGet(), 5-53

sqlerrd

component, 9-15, 9-21

sqlerrd[2] component, 9-15, 9-21

returns N or rows fetched, 8-7

use with data manipulation statements, 8-6

sqlerrm

component in the SQLCA, 9-3

sqlerrmc component, 9-20

sqlerrml component, 9-20

SQLERROR

WHENEVER directive condition, F-120

SQLERROR condition

in the WHENEVER statement, 9-24

meaning of, 9-24

SQLErrorGetText(), 5-52

SQLExtProcError(), 5-53, 7-31

sqlglm(), 9-23

sqlglm() function, 9-22

example of using, 9-23

parameters of, 9-22

sqlglmt()

see SQLErrorGetText, 5-52

sqlgls() function, 9-31

example of use, 4-22

sample program for, 9-34

see SQLLIB

function SQLStmGetText, 4-22

sqlglst() function

see SQLStmtGetText, 5-52

SQLIEM function

in user exits, 20-8

purpose of, 20-8

syntax for, 20-8

sqlld2() function, 5-55

sqlld2t() function

see SQLLDAGetName, 5-52

SQLLDAGetName, 5-52

sqlldat() function

see SQLCDAGetCurrent, 5-52

SQLLIB

SQLLIB function

SQLSQLDAAlloc, 5-52

SQLVarcharGetLength, 5-53

sqlnul() function

example of using, 15-18

purpose of, 15-18

syntax for, 15-18

use of with T variable, 15-9

sqlnult() function

see SQLColumnNullCheck(), 5-53

SQLNumberPrecV6, 5-53

SQLNumberPrecV7, 5-53

sqlpr2() function, 15-17

sqlpr2t() function

see SQLNumberPrecV7, 5-53

sqlprc() function, 15-16

sqlprct() function

see SQLNumberPrecV6, 5-53

SQLSTATE

mapping to Oracle errors, 9-6

predefined classes, 9-5

status codes, 9-6

status variable, 9-2, 9-3

using, 9-13

values, 9-4

with MODE=ANSI, 10-31

SQLStmtGetText, 5-52

SQLSvcCtxGet function in SQLLIB, 5-47

SQLSvcCtxGet(), 5-53

SQLVarcharGetLength, 5-53

sqlvcp() function, see SQLLIB

function SQLVarcharGetLength, 4-22

sqlvcpt() function

see SQLVarcharGetLength, 5-53

sqlwarn

flag, 9-22

SQLWARNING

WHENEVER directive condition, F-120

SQLWARNING condition

in the WHENEVER statement, 9-24

meaning of, 9-24

Standard Header Files, E-2

statement-level rollback

description of, 3-22

to break deadlocks, 3-22

status codes

meaning of, 9-14

status variables, 9-2

STOP action

packaged versus stand-alone, 7-20

result of, 9-25

stored procedures

program example, 7-23

stored subprograms

calling, 7-23

creating, 7-21

stored versus inline, 7-20

STRING datatype, 4-6

string host variables

declaring, 5-8

Struct Component Alignment, E-2

structs

array of, 8-17, A-2

as host variables, 4-39

C, using, 17-32

for collection object types, 18-3

generating C structs for a REF, 17-33

pointers as host variables, 4-47

structs (structures)

cannot be nested, 4-41

structures (structs)

nesting not permitted for host, 4-41

subqueries

definition of, 6-9

example of, 6-9, 6-10

uses for, 6-9

using in the SET clause, 6-10

using in the VALUES clause, 6-9

symbols

definig, 2-16

syntax checking

controlling with the SQLCHECK option, D-2

syntax diagram

syntax, embedded SQL, 2-5

SYS_INCLUDE

system header files in C++, 12-5

SYS_INCLUDE precompiler option, 10-39

SYSDBA/SYSOPER Privileges, A-5

System Configuration File, E-3

system configuration file, 10-3

system failure

effect on transactions, 3-17

System Global Area (SGA), 7-20

system header files

specifying the location of, 12-5

system-specific Oracle documentation, xxxii, 1-10, 2-18, 3-7, 5-31, 5-55, 20-1

system-specific reference, 4-6, 10-2, 10-6, 10-26, 10-40

T variable in SQLDA

how value is set, 15-9

purpose of, 15-9

table locks

acquiring with LOCK TABLE, 3-25

tables

inserting rows into, F-68

nested, 18-2

updating rows in, F-112

terminal

encoding scheme, 4-49

termination, program

normal versus abnormal, 3-22

THREADS

precompiler option, 10-40, 11-8

threads, F-28

allocating context, 11-8, F-28

enabling, 11-8, F-50

freeing context, 11-10, F-29

use context, 11-9

TO clause

of ROLLBACK statement, F-100

TO SAVEPOINT clause

in ROLLBACK statement, 3-20

Toolset

trace facility

transaction processing monitor, 5-54

transaction processing

overview of, 2-8

statements used for, 2-8

transactions

transient copies of objects, 17-4

transient objects, 17-4

truncated values

detecting, 6-4, 7-14

truncation error

when generated, 6-6

tuning, performance, C-2

two-task

linking, 2-18

type checking at runtime, 17-22

TYPE directive

examples, F-112

TYPE SQL directive, F-111

TYPE_CODE

precompiler option, 10-41

undo a transaction, F-99

Unicode character set, 5-9

Unicode variables, A-4

unions

cannot be nested in host structures, 4-41

not permitted as host structures, 4-41

Universal ROWID, A-5

UNIX

linking a Pro*C application under, 1-10

UNSAFE_NULL precompiler option, 10-41

UNSIGNED datatype, 4-10

UPDATE CASCADE, 9-21

UPDATE SQL statement, F-112

UPDATE statement

embedded SQL examples, F-116

example of, 6-9

purpose of, 6-9

SET clause in, 6-10

using host arrays in, 8-12

WHERE clause in, 6-10

updating

rows in tables and views, F-112

use

thread context, 11-9, F-33

user configuration file

to set precompiler options, 10-3

User Exits, E-3

user exits

calling from a SQL*Forms trigger, 20-6

common uses for, 20-3

example of, 20-9

guidelines for, 20-13

kinds of statements allowed in, 20-4

linking into IAP, 20-13

meaning of codes returned by, 20-8

naming, 20-13

passing parameters to, 20-7

requirements for variables in, 20-4

running the GENXTB form, 20-12

running the GENXTB utility for, 20-13

steps in developing, 20-3

use of IAF GET statements in, 20-5

use of IAF PUT statements in, 20-6

use of WHENEVER statement in, 20-9

user session

definition of, 3-15

user-defined record, 7-5

user-defined stored function

used in WHERE clause, 6-10

user-defined type equivalencing, F-111

USERID option

when required, 10-42

USERID OTT parameter, 19-27

USERID precompiler option, 10-42

using with the SQLCHECK option, D-4

usernames

defining, 3-2

using C structures, 17-32

USING clause

in CONNECT statement, 3-9

in the EXECUTE statement, 13-14

of FETCH statement, F-59

of OPEN statement, F-93

purpose of, 13-14

using indicator variables in, 13-14

using collection types, 17-33

using dbstring

Net8 database id specification, F-27

Using REFs in Embedded SQL, 17-33

V variable in SQLDA

how value is set, 15-8

purpose of, 15-8

V7

value of DBMS option, 10-16

VALUES clause

in INSERT statements, 6-9

kinds of values allowed in, 6-9

of embedded SQL INSERT statement, F-71

of INSERT statement, F-71

purpose of, 6-9

requirements for, 6-9

use of subqueries in, 6-9

VAR directive

examples, F-119

VAR SQL directive, F-116

VAR statement

syntax for, 5-13, 5-14

VARCHAR

arrays of, 8-2

VARCHAR datatype, 4-7

VARCHAR precompiler option, 10-42

VARCHAR pseudotype

requirements for using with PL/SQL, 7-11

VARCHAR variables

advantages of, 4-19

declaring, 4-18

length member in, 4-19

must be passed to a function by reference, 4-21

specifying the length of, 4-19

structure of, 4-18

using macros to define length of, 5-29

versus character arrays, 5-9

VARCHAR2 datatype, 4-4, 5-15

host, 18-4

VARRAYs

varying length arrays, 18-3

VERSION precompiler option, 10-43, 17-19

vertical bar, xxxvi

views

inserting rows into, F-68

updating rows in, F-112

VMS

linking a precompiler application, 1-10

warning flags

use in error reporting, 9-15

WHENEVER directive

examples, F-121

WHENEVER SQL directive, F-119

WHENEVER statement

WHERE clause

host arrays in, 8-16

if omitted, 6-11

in DELETE statements, 6-10

in SELECT statements, 6-8

in UPDATE statements, 6-10

of DELETE statement, F-45

of UPDATE statement, F-114

purpose of, 6-10

search condition in, 6-10

WHERE CURRENT OF clause

CURRENT OF clause, 6-17

WORK option

of COMMIT statement, F-25

of ROLLBACK statement, F-100

X variable in SQLDA

application development, 5-54

X/Open, 5-54

XA interface, 5-54

Y variable in SQLDA