of DECLARE CURSOR command, F-16

of CONNECT command, F-14

of DECLARE STATEMENT command, F-19

of EXECUTE command, F-29

of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE command, F-32

of INSERT command, F-37

of SAVEPOINT command, F-47

of SELECT command, F-50

of UPDATE command, F-52

restrictions, 3-47

AUTO_CONNECT option, 7-13

instead of CONNECT statement, 3-42

automatic logon, 3-41, 3-44

batch fetch, 10-4

example, 10-4

number of rows returned, 10-5

bind descriptor, 12-4

information in, 11-26

bind SQLDA, 12-3

bind variable, 11-25

binding, 11-5

BNDDFCLP variable (SQLDA), 12-14

BNDDFCRCP variable (SQLDA), 12-14

BNDDFMT variable (SQLDA), 12-10

BNDDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-13

BNDDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-13

BNDDH-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 12-13

BNDDI variable (SQLDA), 12-12

BNDDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-14

BNDDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-14

BNDDI-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 12-14

BNDDV variable (SQLDA), 12-9

BNDDVLN variable (SQLDA), 12-10

BNDDVTYP variable (SQLDA), 12-11

callback, user exit, 13-15

CHAR column

maximum width, 4-2

CHAR datatype

external, 4-10

internal, 4-2

character host variables

as output variables, 3-38

handling, 3-36

server handling, 3-38

character sets

character strings

CHARF datatype

CHARF datatype specifier, 4-27

using in TYPE statement, 4-27

using in VAR statement, 4-27

child cursor, 6-16

CLOSE command, F-10

examples, F-10

CLOSE statement, 5-14, 6-29

example, 5-14

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-39

CLOSE_ON_COMMIT precompiler option, 7-13

closing

cursors, F-10

COBOL datatypes, 3-13

COBOL-74 restrictions, 3-8

code page, 4-33

coding area

for paragraph names, 3-7

coding conventions, 3-2

column list, 5-9

column, ROWLABEL, 4-8

Comment, 11-31

COMMENT clause

embedded SQL statements, 3-3

Comments

ANSI SQL-style, 3-3

C-style, 3-3

commit, 8-3

automatic, 8-4

explicit versus implicit, 8-4

COMMIT command, F-11

ending a transaction, F-44

examples, F-13

COMMIT statement, 8-4

effects, 8-4

example, 8-4

RELEASE option, 8-5

using in a PL/SQL block, 8-15

where to place, 8-4

committing

transactions, F-11

communicating over a network, 3-43

compilation, 7-38

compliance, ANSI/ISO, viii

composite type, 12-19

concurrency, 8-2

concurrent logon, 3-43

conditional precompilation, 7-35

defining symbols, 7-36

example, 7-36

CONFIG option, 7-14-7-15, 7-18, 7-30

configuration file

system versus user, 7-14

CONNECT command, F-13

examples, F-15

CONNECT statement

ALTER AUTHORIZATION clause, 3-52

AT clause, 3-45

enabling a semantic check, E-4

logging on to Oracle, 3-39

placement, 3-40

requirements, 3-40

USING clause, 3-45

when not required, 3-42

connecting to Oracle, 3-39

connection

default versus non-default, 3-44

implicit, 3-50

naming, 3-45

continuation lines

syntax, 3-4

CONTINUE action, 9-28

CONTINUE option

CONVBUFSZ clause in VAR statement, 4-24

CREATE PROCEDURE statement, 6-17

creating

savepoints, F-46

CURRENT OF clause, 5-15

example, 5-15

mimicking with ROWID, 8-13, 10-14

of embedded SQL DELETE command, F-25

of embedded SQL UPDATE command, F-53

restrictions, 5-15

current row, 2-7

CURRVAL pseudocolumn, 4-7

cursor, 5-11

analogy, 2-8

association with query, 5-11

child, 6-16

declaring, 5-11

effects on performance, D-8

explicit versus implicit, 2-7

naming, 5-12

parent, 6-16

reopening, 5-13-5-14

restricted scope of, 7-38

restrictions, 5-12

scope, 5-12

using for multirow queries, 5-11

using more than one, 5-12

when closed automatically, 5-14

cursor cache, 6-15, 9-35

gathering statistics about, 9-38

purpose, 9-34, D-10

cursor variable, 6-25, F-8

cursor variables

error conditions, 6-30

heap memory usage, 6-27

opening

anonymous block, 6-28

stored procedure, 6-27

cursors

fetching rows from, F-33

opening, F-39

data definition danguage (DDL)

creating CHAR objects with DBMS=V6, 7-17

description, 5-2

data description language (DDL)

embedded, 3-6

data integrity, 8-2

data lock, 8-2

Data Manipulation Language (DML), 5-7

database link

creating a synonym, 3-51

defining, 3-50

database links

using in DELETE command, F-24

using in INSERT command, F-37

using in UPDATE command, F-53

datatype

internal versus external, 2-7

datatype conversion

between internal and external types, 4-18

datatype equivalencing, 2-7

advantages, 4-21

example, 4-24

guidelines, 4-27

datatypes

COBOL, 3-13

coercing NUMBER to VARCHAR2, 12-20

conversions, 4-17

dealing with Oracle internal, 12-20

descriptor codes, 12-20

equivalencing

description, 4-21

example, 4-24

internal, 12-16

need to coerce, 12-20

PL/SQL equivalents, 12-19

DATE datatype

internal format, 4-11

DATE String Format, explicit control over, 4-20

DATE_FORMAT precompiler option, 7-15

DBMS option, 7-15

DDL, 3-6

DDL (data definition language), 5-2

deadlock, 8-2

effect on transactions, 8-7

how broken, 8-7

DECIMAL datatype, 4-11

declaration

cursor, 5-11

host array, 10-2

host variable, 2-13

indicator variable, 2-14

declarative SQL statement, 2-3

using in transactions, 8-3

DECLARE CURSOR command, F-15

examples, F-17

DECLARE CURSOR statement

AT clause, 3-46

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-30

DECLARE DATABASE directive, F-17

Declare Section

example, 3-10

using more than one, 3-10

declare section

allowable statements, 3-9

COBOL datatypes supported, 3-13

defining usernames and passwords, 3-40

purpose, 3-9

requirements, 3-9

rules for defining, 3-9

DECLARE statement, 5-11

example, 5-11

using in dynamic SQL Method 3, 11-20

where to place, 5-12

DECLARE STATEMENT command, F-19

examples, F-20

scope of, F-20

DECLARE STATEMENT statement

AT clause, 3-48

example, 11-28

using in dynamic SQL, 11-28

when required, 11-28

DECLARE TABLE command, F-20

examples, F-21

DECLARE TABLE statement

need for with AT clause, 3-46

using with the SQLCHECK option, E-4

DECLARE_SECTION, 7-18

DECLARE_SECTION precompiler option, 7-18

declaring

cursor variables, 6-26

host tables, 3-30

host variables, 3-13

indicator variables, 3-27

ORACA, 9-34

SQLCA, 9-20

SQLDA, 12-7

VARCHAR variables, 3-33

default

error handling, 9-27

setting of FORMAT option, 3-2

setting of LITDELIM option, 3-4, 7-24

setting of ORACA option, 9-35

default connection, 3-44

default database, 3-44

DEFINE option, 7-19

DELETE command, F-22

embedded SQL examples, F-26

DELETE statement, 5-10

example, 5-10

using host arrays, 10-9

WHERE clause, 5-10

DEPENDING ON clause, 3-30

DEPT table, 2-15

DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES statement

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-30

DESCRIBE command, F-26

example, F-27

use with PREPARE command, F-26

DESCRIBE SELECT LIST statement

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-35

DESCRIBE statement

using in dynamic SQL Method 4, 11-25

descriptor, 11-25

naming, F-27

descriptors

bind descriptor, 12-4

purpose, 12-4

select descriptor, 12-4

SQLADR subroutine, 12-3

dimension of host tables, 3-30

directory, 2-11

current, 2-11

path for INCLUDE files, 2-11

directory path

INCLUDE files, 3-11

DISPLAY datatype, 4-11

distributed processing, 3-43

distributed transactions, F-45

DML (Data Manipulation Language), 5-7

DNSTIAR error codes, 9-26

DO action, 9-28

DO option

advantages and disadvantages, 11-3

DSNTIAR routine, 9-26

DTP model, 4-37

dummy host variable, 11-4

dynamic PL/SQL, 11-29

dynamic SQL

choosing the right method, 11-7

using the AT clause, 3-47

dynamic SQL Method 1

using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, 11-10

dynamic SQL Method 2

using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 11-28

using the EXECUTE statement, 11-14

using the PREPARE statement, 11-14

dynamic SQL Method 3

commands, 11-6

compared to Method 2, 11-19

requirements, 11-6

using PL/SQL, 11-30

using the DECLARE statement, 11-20

using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 11-28

using the FETCH statement, 11-21

using the OPEN statement, 11-20

using the PREPARE statement, 11-20

dynamic SQL Method 4

dynamic SQL statement, 11-3

binding of host variables, 11-5

how processed, 11-5

requirements, 11-4

using host arrays, 11-29

using placeholders, 11-4

versus static SQL statement, 11-3

embedded DDL, 3-6

embedded PL/SQL

embedded SQL

embedded SQL statement

mixing with host-language statements, 2-5

syntax, 2-5

embedded SQL statements

associating paragraph names with, 3-6

Comments, 3-3

continuing from one line to the next, 3-3

figurative constants, 3-4

referencing host tables, 3-31

referencing host variables, 3-17

referencing indicator variables, 3-27

requirements, 3-4

syntax, 3-4

terminator, 3-8

embedding

PL/SQL blocks in Oracle7 precompiler programs, F-28

EMP table, 2-15

encoding scheme, 4-33

END, 7-19

END_OF_FETCH, 7-19

END_OF_FETCH precompiler option, 7-19

Entry SQL, ix

equivalencing

host variable equivalencing, F-55

equivalencing datatypes, 4-21

error conditions

cursor variable, 6-30

error detection

error reporting, F-57

error handling

using status variables

SQLCA, 9-3, 9-19

SQLCODE, 9-3, 9-6

SQLSTATE, 9-3

using the ROLLBACK statement, 8-6

using the SQLGLS function, 9-31

error message text

SQLGLM subroutine, 9-25

error messages

maximum length, 9-25

error reporting

error message text, 9-21

key components of, 9-21

parse error offset, 9-21

rows-processed count, 9-21

status codes, 9-21

warning flags, 9-21

WHENEVER command, F-57

ERRORS option, 7-20

exception, PL/SQL, 6-12

EXEC ORACLE DEFINE statement, 7-35

EXEC ORACLE ELSE statement, 7-35

EXEC ORACLE ENDIF statement, 7-35

EXEC ORACLE IFDEF statement, 7-35

EXEC ORACLE IFNDEF statement, 7-35

EXEC ORACLE statement

scope of, 7-8

syntax for, 7-7

uses for, 7-8

using to enter options inline, 7-7

EXEC SQL clause, 2-5, 3-4

EXEC TOOLS statement, 13-15

GET, 13-17

MESSAGE, 13-17

SET, 13-16

EXECUTE command, F-28, F-30

examples, F-29, F-31

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE command, F-32

examples, F-33

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement

AT clause, 3-47

using in dynamic SQL Method 1, 11-10

EXECUTE statement

using in dynamic SQL Method 2, 11-14

execution plan, D-6

EXPLAIN PLAN statement

dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-16

explicit logon, 3-44

multiple, 3-48

single, 3-45

external datatype

external datatypes

general, 4-8

FETCH command, F-33

examples, F-35

used after OPEN command, F-40

FETCH statement, 5-13-5-14, 6-28

cursor variable, 6-29

example, 5-13

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-39

INTO clause, 5-13

using in dynamic SQL Method 3, 11-21

fetch, batch, 10-4

fetching

rows from cursors, F-33

figurative constants

embedded SQL statements, 3-4

file extension

for INCLUDE files, 3-11

flags, 9-21

of embedded SQL EXECUTE command, F-31

of embedded SQL INSERT command, F-37

restrictions, 10-12

using with host arrays, 10-11

FOR UPDATE OF clause, 8-11

FORCE clause

of ROLLBACK command, F-44

format mask, 4-20

FORMAT option, 7-21

purpose, 3-2

forward reference, 5-12

full scan, D-7

GENXTB form

running, 13-13

GOTO action, 9-28

GOTO option

allowed as host variables, 3-18

group items

implicit VARCHAR, 3-34

guidelines

datatype equivalencing, 4-27

dynamic SQL, 11-7

host variable, 2-14

separate precompilation, 7-37

transaction, 8-14

user exit, 13-14

heap, 9-35

heap memory

allocating cursor variables, 6-27

hint, optimizer, D-6

hints

in DELETE statements, F-26

in SELECT statements, F-50

in UPDATE statements, F-54

HOLD_CURSOR option, 7-21

of ORACLE Precompilers, F-10

using to improve performance, D-13

restrictions, 10-6, 10-8-10-10

using in dynamic SQL statements, 11-29

using in the DELETE statement, 10-9

using in the INSERT statement, 10-7

using in the SELECT statement, 10-4

using in the UPDATE statement, 10-8

using in the WHERE clause, 10-13

using the FOR clause, 10-11

using to improve performance, D-3

host tables

multi-dimensional, 3-30

referencing, 3-31

restrictions, 3-30

support for, 3-16

variable-length, 3-30

host variable, 5-2

assigning a value, 2-6

declaring, 2-13

dummy, 11-4

guidelines, 2-14

input versus output, 5-2

using in EXEC TOOLS statements, 13-16

using in PL/SQL, 6-7

using in user exit, 13-6

where allowed, 2-6

host variables

declaring, 3-2, 3-9, 3-13

definition, 3-5

host variable equivalencing, F-55

in EXECUTE command, F-31

in OPEN command, F-40

initializing, 3-16

naming, 3-17, 3-19

referencing, 3-17

restrictions, 3-5, 3-19

with PL/SQL, 4-30

hyphenation

of host variable names, 3-5

IAF GET statement

example, 13-7

specifying block and field names, 13-7

using in user exit, 13-6

IAF PUT statement

example, 13-8

specifying block and field names, 13-8

using in user exit, 13-7

IAP, 13-14

identifiers, ORACLE

IN OUT parameter mode, 6-4

IN parameter mode, 6-4

INAME option, 7-22

when a file extension is required, 7-2

INCLUDE file, 2-11

INCLUDE option, 7-23

INCLUDE statement, 2-11

case-sensitive operating systems, 3-12

declaring the ORACA, 9-34

declaring the SQLCA, 9-20

declaring the SQLDA, 12-7

effect of, 3-11

index

association with host variable, 5-3

indicator array, 10-2

indicator tables

example, 3-32

purpose, 3-32

indicator variable, 5-3

declaring, 2-14

interpreting value, 5-3

referencing, 2-14

using in PL/SQL, 6-11

using to detect truncated values, 5-4

using to handle nulls, 5-4-5-5

using to test for nulls, 5-6

indicator variables

association with host variables, 3-27

nulls, 4-31

truncated values, 4-31

used with multi-byte character strings, 4-35

with PL/SQL, 4-30

in-doubt transaction, 8-14

input host variable

restrictions, 5-2

where allowed, 5-2

INSERT command, F-36

embedded SQL examples, F-38

insert of no rows

cause of, 9-10

INSERT statement, 5-9

column list, 5-9

example, 5-9

INTO clause, 5-9

using host arrays, 10-7

VALUES clause, 5-9

inserting

rows into tables and views, F-36

INTEGER datatype, 4-12

interface

native, 4-37

XA, 4-37

internal datatype

CHAR, 4-2

DATE, 4-3

definition, 2-7

LONG, 4-3

LONG RAW, 4-4

MLSLABEL, 4-4

NUMBER, 4-4

RAW, 4-5

ROWID, 4-5

VARCHAR2, 4-5

internal datatypes

dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-16

general, 4-2

INTO clause, 5-2, 6-29

FETCH statement, 5-13

INSERT statement, 5-9

of FETCH command, F-34

of SELECT command, F-50

SELECT statement, 5-8

IRECLEN option, 7-24

IS NULL operator

for testing null values, 3-6

Julian date, 4-3

language support, 1-3

LDA, 4-35

LEVEL pseudocolumn, 4-7

link, database, 3-50

linking, 7-38

LITDELIM option, 3-4, 7-24

purpose, 7-24

LNAME option, 7-25

location transparency, 3-51

lock

released by ROLLBACK statement, F-45

LOCK TABLE statement, 8-12

example, 8-12

using the NOWAIT parameter, 8-12

locking, 8-2, 8-11

explicit versus implicit, 8-11

modes, 8-2

overriding default, 8-11

privileges needed, 8-15

using the FOR UPDATE OF clause, 8-11

using the LOCK TABLE statement, 8-12

logging on

logon

Logon Data Area (LDA), 4-35

LONG column

maximum width, 4-3

LONG datatype

compared with CHAR, 4-3

LONG RAW column

LONG RAW datatype

compared with LONG, 4-4

LONG VARCHAR datatype, 4-12

LONG VARRAW datatype, 4-12

LRECLEN option, 7-25

LTYPE option, 7-25

MAXLITERAL option, 7-26

MAXOPENCURSORS option, 7-26

using for separate precompilation, 7-37

MLSLABEL datatype

status variables, 9-2

mode, parameter, 6-4

monitor, transaction processing, 4-36

multi-byte character sets, 4-33

multi-byte NLS features

datatypes, 3-6

with PL/SQL, 4-30

namespaces

reserved by Oracle, C-7

naming

host variables, 3-5

of database objects, F-8

select-list items, 12-4

naming conventions

cursor, 5-12

default database, 3-44

host variable, 2-13

SQL*Forms user exit, 13-14

national language support (NLS), 4-31

native interface, 4-37

nested programs

sample, 3-22

support for, 3-20

Net8

connecting using, 3-41

function of, 3-43

network

communicating over, 3-43

protocols, 3-44

reducing traffic, D-5

NEXTVAL pseudocolumn, 4-7

nibble, 4-28

NIST

compliance, viii

NLS (national language support), 4-31

multi-byte character strings, 4-33

NLS parameter

NLS_CURRENCY, 4-32

NLS_DATE_FORMAT, 4-32

NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE, 4-32

NLS_ISO_CURRENCY, 4-32

NLS_LANG, 4-32

NLS_LANGUAGE, 4-32

NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS, 4-32

NLS_SORT, 4-32

NLS_TERRITORY, 4-32

NLS_LOCAL

precompiler option, 7-28

node

definition of, 3-43

NOT FOUND condition, 9-27

using in LOCK TABLE statement, 8-12

NOWAIT parameter, 8-12

null

nulls

handling

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-22

indicator variables, 4-31

meaning in SQL (NVL function), 3-6

SQLNUL subroutine, 12-22

null-terminated string, 4-15

NUMBER datatype

external, 4-13

internal, 4-4

using the SQLPRC subroutine with, 12-21

NVL function

for retrieving null values, 3-6

OCI

declaring LDA, 4-35

embedding calls, 4-35

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-35

using in dynamic SQL Method 3, 11-20

OPEN_CURSORS parameter, 6-16

opening

cursors, F-39

opening a cursor variable, 6-27

operators

options

ORACA, 9-4

Oracle Call Interface, 4-35

Oracle Communications Area

ORACA, 9-34

Oracle datatypes, 2-6

Oracle Forms

using EXEC TOOLS statements, 13-15

ORACLE identifiers

how to form, F-8

Oracle namespaces, C-7

Oracle Open Gateway

using ROWID datatype, 4-15

Oracle Precompilers

advantages, 1-4

function, 1-2

language support, 1-3

Oracle Toolset, 13-15

ORACOC

ORANEX

ORASFNM, in ORACA, 9-37

ORASLNR

OUT parameter mode, 6-4

output host variable, 5-2

PAGELEN option, 7-29

paragraph names

associating with SQL statements, 3-6

coding area for, 3-7

parameter mode, 6-4

parent cursor, 6-16

parse, 11-5

parse error offset, 9-21

parsing dynamic statements

PREPARE command, F-41

password

defining, 3-40

hardcoding, 3-40

passwords

changing at runtime, 3-52

passwords, changing at runtime, 3-52

performance

improving, D-3

reasons for poor, D-2

PICX, 7-30

new default, 3-36

PICX precompiler option, 7-30

PL/SQL, 1-5

, 9-25

advantages, 1-5

cursor FOR loop, 6-3

datatype equivalents, 12-19

embedded, 4-30

exception, 6-12

integration with server, 6-2

opening a cursor variable

anonymous block, 6-28

stored procedure, 6-27

package, 6-4

relationship with SQL, 1-5

subprogram, 6-3

user-defined record, 6-5

PL/SQL blocks

embedded in Oracle7 precompiler programs, F-28

PL/SQL table, 6-5

supported datatype conversions, 6-14

placeholder

duplicate, 11-15, 11-30

naming, 11-16

using in dynamic SQL statements, 11-4

plan, execution, D-6

precision, 4-4

definition of, 12-21

using SQLPRC to extract, 12-21

when not specified, 12-21

precompilation, 7-3

conditional, 7-35

separate, 7-37

precompilation unit, 7-9

precompiler, 1-2

precompiler command

optional arguments of, 7-3

required arguments, 7-2

precompiler directives

EXEC SQL DECLARE DATABASE, F-17

precompiler options

abbreviating name, 7-4

ASACC, 7-12

ASSUME_SQLCODE, 7-12

AUTO_CONNECT, 3-42, 7-13

CLOSE_ON_COMMIT, 7-13

CONFIG, 7-14-7-15, 7-18, 7-30

DATE_FORMAT, 7-15

DBMS, 7-15

DECLARE_SECTION, 7-18

entering on the command line, 7-7

ERRORS, 7-20

FIPS, 7-20

FORMAT, 7-21

HOLD_CURSOR, 7-21

HOST, 7-22

INAME, 7-22

LNAME, 7-25

LTYPE, 7-25

MODE, 3-36, 7-27, 9-2, 9-4

ONAME, 7-28

PICX, 7-30

PREPARE command, F-41

examples, F-42

PREPARE statement

effect on data definition statements, 11-6

in dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-30

using in dynamic SQL, 11-14, 11-20

private SQL area

association with cursors, 2-7

opening, 2-7

purpose, D-10

Program Global Area (PGA), 6-15

program termination, 8-10

programming guidelines, 3-2

programming language support, 1-3

LEVEL, 4-7

ROWID, 4-7

pseudotype, VARCHAR, 2-13

query, 5-7

association with cursor, 5-11

multirow, 5-7

single-row versus multirow, 5-8

RAW column

maximum width, 4-5

RAW datatype

compared with CHAR, 4-5

RAWTOHEX function, 4-28

read consistency, 8-2

READ ONLY parameter

using in SET TRANSACTION, 8-10

read-only transaction, 8-10

ending, 8-10

example, 8-10

record, user-defined, 6-5

REDEFINES clause

reference

indicator variable, 2-14

reference cursor, 6-25

referencing

host tables, 3-31

host variables, 3-17

indicator variables, 3-27

VARCHAR variables, 3-35

relational operators, 3-8

RELEASE option, 8-5, 8-10

COMMIT statement, 8-5

omitting, 8-10

restrictions, 8-9

ROLLBACK statement, 8-6

RELEASE_CURSOR option, 7-30

of ORACLE Precompilers, F-10

using to improve performance, D-13

what it affects, D-8

remote database

declaration of, F-17

resource manager, 4-36

restrictions

retrieving rows from a table

embedded SQL, F-47

return code, 13-9

roll back

to a savepoint, F-46

to the same savepoint multiple times, F-45

rollback

automatic, 8-7

purpose, 8-3

statement-level, 8-7

ROLLBACK command, F-42

ending a transaction, F-44

examples, F-45

rollback segment, 8-2

ROLLBACK statement, 8-6

effects, 8-6

example, 8-6

RELEASE option, 8-6

TO SAVEPOINT clause, 8-6

using in a PL/SQL block, 8-15

using in error-handling routines, 8-6

where to place, 8-6

rolling back

transactions, F-42

row lock

acquiring with FOR UPDATE OF, 8-11

using to mimic CURRENT OF, 8-13, 10-14

ROWID datatype

ROWID pseudocolumn, 4-7

ROWLABEL column, 4-8

ROWNUM pseudocolumn, 4-7

rows

fetching from cursors, F-33

inserting into tables and views, F-36

updating, F-51

rows-processed count, 9-21

sample database table

DEPT table, 2-15

EMP table, 2-15

sample programs

calling a stored procedure, 6-20

cursor operations, 5-16

cursor variables

PL/SQL source, 6-31

Pro*COBOL source, 6-31

datatype equivalencing, 5-18

dynamic SQL Method 1, 11-11

dynamic SQL Method 2, 11-16

dynamic SQL Method 3, 11-21

dynamic SQL Method 4, 12-45

fetching in batches, 10-15

Oracle Forms user exit, 13-10

simple query, 2-16

savepoint, 8-7

when erased, 8-9

SAVEPOINT command, F-46

examples, F-47

SAVEPOINT statement, 8-7

example, 8-7

savepoints

creating, F-46

SAVEPOINTS parameter, 8-9

scalar type, 12-19

Scale

using SQLPRC to extract, 4-23

scale, 4-4

definition, 12-21

definition of, 4-23

extracting with SQLPRC, 12-21

when negative, 4-23, 12-21

scope

cursor variables, 6-26

of DECLARE STATEMENT command, F-20

of precompiler options, 7-9

of the EXEC ORACLE statement, 7-8

WHENEVER statement, 9-30

search condition, 5-10

using in the WHERE clause, 5-10

SELDFCLP variable (SQLDA), 12-14

SELDFCRCP variable (SQLDA), 12-14

SELDFMT variable (SQLDA), 12-10

SELDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-13

SELDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-13

SELDH-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 12-13

SELDI variable (SQLDA), 12-12

SELDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-14

SELDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 12-14

SELDI-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 12-14

SELDV variable (SQLDA), 12-9

SELDVLN variable (SQLDA), 12-10

SELDVTYP variable (SQLDA), 12-11

SELECT command, F-47

embedded SQL examples, F-50

select descriptor, 12-4

information in, 11-26

select list, 5-8

select SQLDA

purpose of, 12-3

SELECT statement, 5-8

available clauses, 5-9

example, 5-8

INTO clause, 5-8

using host arrays, 10-4

SELECT_ERROR option, 5-8, 7-31

select-list items

naming, 12-4

semantic checking, E-2

enabling, E-3

using the SQLCHECK option, E-2

separate precompilation

sessions

using a subquery, 5-10

SET TRANSACTION statement, 8-10

example, 8-10

READ ONLY parameter, 8-10

restrictions, 8-10

snapshot, 8-2

SQL

summary of commands, F-3

SQL codes

returned by SQLGLS function, 9-32

SQL Communications Area, 2-12

SQL Descriptor Area, 11-25, 12-4

SQL standards conformance, ix

SQL statement

controlling transactions, 8-3

optimizing to improve performance, D-6

static versus dynamic, 2-5

using to control a cursor, 5-7, 5-11

using to manipulate Oracle data, 5-7

SQL*Connect

using ROWID datatype, 4-15

SQL*Forms

Display Error screen, 13-9

IAP constants, 13-10

returning values to, 13-9

Reverse Return Code switch, 13-9

user exit, 13-3

SQL*Net

concurrent logons, 3-43

connection syntax, 3-44

using to connect to Oracle, 3-43

SQL*Plus, 1-5

SQL_CURSOR, F-8

SQL92

conformance, ix

minimum requirement, ix

SQLADR subroutine

example, 12-27

parameters, 12-15

storing buffer addresses, 12-3

syntax, 12-15

SQLCA, 9-3

components set for a PL/SQL block, 9-25

fields, 9-22

interaction with Oracle, 2-12

SQLERRD(3) field, 9-23

SQLERRD(5) field, 9-23

SQLERRMC field, 9-23

SQLERRML field, 9-23

SQLWARN(4) flag, 9-24

SQLWARN(5) flag, 9-24

using in separate precompilations, 7-37

using with SQL*Net, 9-19

SQLCA status variable

data structure, 9-19

declaring, 9-20

effect of MODE option, 9-4

explicit versus implicit checking, 9-3

purpose, 9-19

SQLCABC field, 9-22

SQLCAID field, 9-22

SQLCHECK option, 7-32

restrictions, E-2

using the DECLARE TABLE statement, E-4

using to check syntax/semantics, E-1

SQLCODE

declaring, 9-6

SQLCODE field, 9-22

interpreting its value, 9-22

SQLCODE status variable

declaring, 9-6

description, 9-3

effect of MODE option, 9-4

SQL92 deprecated feature, 9-3

usage, 9-4

SQLCODE variable

interpreting values of, 9-10

SQLDA, 11-25-11-26

bind versus select, 11-26

BNDDFCLP variable, 12-14

BNDDFCRCP variable, 12-14

BNDDFMT variable, 12-10

BNDDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 12-13

BNDDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 12-13

BNDDH-VNAME variable, 12-13

BNDDI variable, 12-12

BNDDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 12-14

BNDDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 12-14

BNDDI-VNAME variable, 12-14

BNDDV variable, 12-9

BNDDVLN variable, 12-10

BNDDVTYP variable, 12-11

declaring, 12-7

example, 12-7

information stored in, 11-26

purpose, 12-4

SELDFCLP variable, 12-14

SELDFCRCP variable, 12-14

SELDFMT variable, 12-10

SELDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 12-13

SELDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 12-13

SELDH-VNAME variable, 12-13

SELDI variable, 12-12

SELDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 12-14

SELDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 12-14

SELDI-VNAME variable, 12-14

SELDV variable, 12-9

SELDVLN variable, 12-10

SELDVTYP variable, 12-11

SQLADR subroutine, 12-15

SQLDFND variable, 12-9

SQLDNUM variable, 12-8

structure, 12-8

SQLDFND variable (SQLDA), 12-9

SQLDNUM variable (SQLDA), 12-8

SQLERRD(3) field, 9-23

using with batch fetch, 10-5

SQLERRD(3) variable, 9-21

SQLERRD(5) field, 9-23

SQLERRMC field, 9-23

SQLERRMC variable, 9-21

SQLERRML field, 9-23

SQLERROR

WHENEVER command condition, F-57

SQLERROR condition, 9-27

SQLFC parameter, 9-32

SQLGLM subroutine

SQLGLS function

SQL codes returned by, 9-32

syntax, 9-31

using to obtain SQL text, 9-31

SQLGLS routine, 9-31-9-32

SQLIEM function

replacement for, 13-16

using in user exit, 13-10

SQLIEM subroutine

SQLNUL subroutine

SQLPR2 subroutine, 12-22

SQLPRC subroutine

SQLSTATE

SQLSTATE status variable

class code, 9-10

coding scheme, 9-10

effect of MODE option, 9-4

interpreting values, 9-11

predefined classes, 9-11

predefined status codes and conditions, 9-13

subclass code, 9-10

usage, 9-4

SQLSTM parameter, 9-32

SQLSTM routine, 9-32

SQLWARN(4) flag, 9-24

SQLWARN(5) flag, 9-24

SQLWARNING

WHENEVER command condition, F-57

SQLWARNING condition, 9-27

statement-level rollback, 8-7

breaking deadlocks, 8-7

status codes for error reporting, 9-21

STMLEN parameter, 9-32

STOP action, 9-28

STOP option

opening a cursor, 6-27, 6-30

stored procedure

sample programs, 6-20, 6-30

stored subprogram, 6-17

calling, 6-19

creating, 6-17

packaged versus standalone, 6-17

stored versus inline, D-5

using to improve performance, D-4

STRING datatype, 4-15

string literals

continuing to the next line, 3-4

subprogram, PL/SQL, 6-3, 6-17

subquery, 5-9

example, 5-9-5-10

using in the SET clause, 5-10

using in the VALUES clause, 5-9

syntactic checking, E-2

syntax

continuation lines, 3-4

embedded SQL statements, 3-4

SQLADR subroutine, 12-15

SQLGLM subroutine, 9-25

SQLNUL subroutine, 12-22

syntax diagram

syntax, embedded SQL, 2-5

SYSDATE function, 4-8

system failure

effect on transactions, 8-4

System Global Area (SGA), 6-17

table lock

acquiring with LOCK TABLE, 8-12

exclusive, 8-12

row share, 8-12

when released, 8-13

tables

inserting rows into, F-36

updating rows in, F-51

terminator for embedded SQL statements, 3-8

TO SAVEPOINT clause, 8-8

restrictions, 8-9

using in ROLLBACK statement, 8-8

trace facility

subdividing with savepoints, 8-7

making permanent, 8-4

undoing, 8-6

undoing parts of, 8-8

when rolled back automatically, 8-4, 8-7

transaction processing

overview, 2-8

statements used, 2-8

transaction, read-only, 8-10

transactions

committing, F-11

distributed, F-45

rolling back, F-42

truncated value, 6-12

detecting, 5-4

truncated values

indicator variables, 4-31

truncation error

when generated, 5-6

Trusted Oracle7, 12-19

tuning, performance, D-2

TYPE statement

using the CHARF datatype specifier, 4-27

UID function, 4-8

unconditional delete, 9-24

undo a transaction, F-42

UNSAFE_NULL option, 7-34

UNSIGNED datatype, 4-15

UPDATE command, F-51

embedded SQL examples, F-54

UPDATE statement, 5-10

example, 5-10

SET clause, 5-10

using host arrays, 10-8

updating

rows in tables and views, F-51

user exit, 13-3

calling from a SQL*Forms trigger, 13-8

common uses, 13-4

guidelines, 13-14

linking into IAP, 13-14

meaning of codes returned by, 13-9

naming, 13-14

passing parameters, 13-9

requirements for variables, 13-6

running the GENXTB form, 13-13

statements allowed in, 13-5

steps in developing, 13-5

using EXEC IAF statements, 13-6

using EXEC TOOLS statements, 13-15

using the WHENEVER statement, 13-10

USER function, 4-8

user session, 8-2

user-defined record, 6-5

USERID option, 7-34

using with the SQLCHECK option, E-4

username

defining, 3-40

hardcoding, 3-40

USING clause

CONNECT statement, 3-45

of FETCH command, F-34

of OPEN command, F-40

using in the EXECUTE statement, 11-15

using indicator variables, 11-16

using dbstring

SQL*Net database id specification, F-14

VALUE clause

initializing host variables, 3-16

VALUES clause

INSERT statement, 5-9

of embedded SQL INSERT command, F-38

of INSERT command, F-38

using a subquery, 5-9

VAR command, F-55

examples, F-56

VAR statement

CONVBUFSZ clause, 4-24

syntax for, 4-22

using the CHARF datatype specifier, 4-27

VARCHAR

precompiler option, 7-35

VARCHAR datatype, 4-15

VARCHAR precompiler option, 7-34

VARCHAR pseudotype, 2-13

maximum length, 2-13

using with PL/SQL, 6-10

VARCHAR variables

advantages, 3-39

as input variables, 3-38

as output variables, 3-39

declaring, 3-33

implicit group items, 3-34

length element, 3-33

maximum length, 3-33

referencing, 3-35

server handling, 3-38-3-39

string element, 3-33

structure, 3-33

versus fixed-length strings, 3-39

VARCHAR2 column

VARCHAR2 datatype

VARNUM datatype, 4-16

example of output value, 4-28

VARRAW datatype, 4-17

VARYING keyword

versus VARYING phrase, 3-33

views

inserting rows into, F-36

updating rows in, F-51

warning flags for error reporting, 9-21

WHENEVER command, F-56

examples, F-58

WHENEVER Statement, 9-27

WHENEVER statement

CONTINUE action, 9-28

DO action, 9-28

example, 9-29

GOTO action, 9-28

NOT FOUND condition, 9-27

overview, 2-9

purpose, 9-27

scope, 9-30

SQLERROR condition, 9-27

SQLWARNING condition, 9-27

STOP action, 9-28

syntax, 9-28

using to check SQLCA automatically, 9-27

WHENEVER statement, careless usage, 9-30

WHENEVER statement, scope of, 9-30

WHERE clause, 5-10

DELETE statement, 5-10

of DELETE command, F-25

of UPDATE command, F-53

search condition, 5-10

SELECT statement, 5-8

UPDATE statement, 5-10

using host arrays, 10-13

WHERE CURRENT OF clause, 5-15

WORK option